$ 1961: Franc: 119,611,000 Shop eBay! In addition, no data was recorded by US Federal Reserve for the Papermark in the period between May 1917 and August 1919 presumably due to hostilities in the First World War. The data used in the Archival Currency Converter 19161940 was sourced from the archival United States of America Federal Reserve Bank report titled, Section 11: Currency in the Banking and Monetary Statistics, 1914 1941. The United Kingdom opposed de Gaulle's stance, but he viewed the political position of the Igbo in Nigeria as analogous to that of the French Qubcois living in Canada. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. [28] The pictured example (1889) was issued as a proof and only 100 coins were struck. The Great Bullion Famine of the mid-15th century resulted in yet another debasement during the reign of King Louis XI, with the Livre Parisis reduced to 1 French ounce (30.594 g) fine silver or 2.620 g fine gold. [citation needed], World War I and the aftermath brought substantial changes to the coinage. Wiki User 2012-01-17 11:21:46 This answer is: Study guides. In February 1966, France withdrew from the common NATO military command, but remained within the organization. Historical French franc / US dollar. Notice: The information contained in the Archival Currency Converter 19161940 is accurate as at 1 March 2019. The exodus accelerated after the 5th of July 1962 massacre.[2]. Rodney Edvinsson, Tor Jacobson and Daniel Waldenstrm). After a motion of censure voted by the Parliament on 4 October 1962 de Gaulle dissolved the National Assembly and held new elections. In 1873, the LMU went over to a purely gold standard of 1 franc = 0.290322581 grams of gold. The States General which met at Blois in 1577 added to the public pressure to stop currency manipulation. - Sveriges Riksbank, rsbok, various years. If your coin is from circulation it's worth less than a quarter. The original pages from this report for the United States dollar foreign exchange rate against the Argentinian peso, Australian pound, Brazilian milreis, French franc, German mark, Japanese yen and British pound are shown below. By Rodney Edvinsson,(Professor in economic history, Stockholm University). Despite base-metal 5, 10 and 20F coins being introduced between 1929 and 1933, the banknotes were not removed. At the time of the complete changeover to the euro on 1 January 2002, coins in circulation (some produced as recently as 2000) were: Coins were freely exchangeable until 17 February 2005 at Banque de France only (commercial banks were not required to accept the old coins after the transition period in 2002, but some did), by converting their total value in francs to euros (rounded to the nearest cent) at the fixed rate of 6.55957 francs for 1 euro. He again considered a referendum to support his moves, but Pompidou persuaded him to dissolve parliament (in which the government had all but lost its majority in the March 1967 elections) and hold new elections instead. Then followed the economic failure of the Directoire: coins were still very rare. [citation needed], A new bronze coinage was introduced from 1848. What can be done to revive it? In January 1964, he officially recognized the People's Republic of China, despite the opposition of the U.S. government. [citation needed], In 1960, the new franc (nouveau franc) was introduced,[29] worth 100 old francs. This was stated upon the adoption of UN Resolution 242, in his press conference of 27 November 1967 and contained in his letter to David Ben-Gurion dated 9 January 1968. (#314499743205) e***w (635) - Feedback left by buyer e***w (635). Mar 2023 - Simon, O., 2014, 'Black market inflation', Excel file, http://krieger.jhu.edu/iae/economics/Copy%20of%20BlackMarketvsOfficialInflation1-27.xlsx. The franc became the official currency of France in 1799.[7]. a 12.4% surge in USDFRF. Sveriges Riksbank and Ekerlids, Stockholm. The NF designation was continued for a few years before the currency returned to being simply the franc. Rodney Edvinsson, Tor Jacobson and Daniel Waldenstrm), 133-237. It would also become the model for Germany when it started issuing the 1-ounce silver Guldengroschen divided into 21 Groschen (gros, shillings) or 252 Pfennige (pence). [28], The last gold 5-franc pieces were minted in 1869, and silver 5-franc coins were last minted in 1878. The circulation of this metallic currency declined during the Republic: the old gold and silver coins were taken out of circulation and exchanged for printed assignats, initially issued as bonds backed by the value of the confiscated goods of churches, but later declared as legal tender currency. To follow up on Alex's answer. Mar 2023 rev2023.4.21.43403. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. [14] France's first decimal coinage used allegorical figures symbolizing revolutionary principles, like the coinage designs the United States had adopted in 1793. He never returned to Canada. [citation needed], A nickel 10-franc piece was issued on 22 October 1986, in an attempt to increase usability, reduce counterfeiting, and make it easier for vending machines to recognise. Date. In 1942, following German occupation and the installation of the French Vichy State, a new, short lived series of coins was released which included holed 10 and 20 centimes in zinc. Henry III exploited the association of the franc as sound money worth one livre tournois when he sought to stabilize French currency in 1577. Need to know when a currency hits a specific rate? Thanks for contributing an answer to Quantitative Finance Stack Exchange! High profile projects, mostly but not always financially successful, were launched: the extension of Marseille harbor (soon ranking third in Europe and first in the Mediterranean); the promotion of the Caravelle passenger jetliner (a predecessor of Airbus); the decision to start building the supersonic Franco-British Concorde airliner in Toulouse; the expansion of the French auto industry with state-owned Renault at its center; and the building of the first motorways between Paris and the provinces. These are the lowest points the exchange rate has been at in the last 30 and 90-day periods. In 1361 the gros tournois of 15 deniers Tournois (1 sol Parisis) was minted at 84 to a French Mark of silver, 23/24 fine (hence, 2.79 g fine silver in a gros). [citation needed], The gold coinage also changed. This coin and its fractions circulated until 1641 when Louis XIII of France replaced it with the silver cu. to He also rips off an arm to use as a sword. This issue was followed by notes of the same design but with only the new denomination shown. Historical exchange rates from 1953 with graph and charts To see historical exchange rates with graph,fill in the following fields and click Go! In 1938, the first 5000-franc notes were added. NBER Working Paper Series 8963. What are the known flaws and limitations of OptionMetrics data? For more information, please see our Historical Old french franc / US dollar. 2, 5 and 10-centime coins were issued from 1853. Here is a table of changes to the value of the Livre Parisis and the Livre Tournois in terms of silver or gold until the French Franc was introduced in 1795. Check send rates French Franc to US Dollar conversion Last updated Apr 28, 2023, 23:57 UTC Convert French Franc to US Dollar The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Peace in the Burgundian Netherlands after the 1420s also resulted in the 1434 realignment of the Flemish monetary system with the French livre. In September 1962, de Gaulle sought a constitutional amendment to allow the president to be directly elected by the people and issued another referendum to this end, approved by more than three-fifths of voters despite a broad "coalition of no" formed by most of the parties, opposed to a presidential regime. Get the best deals on 1960 French Paper Money when you shop the largest online selection at eBay.com. I think it comes out to 28.50 in 1955 dollars. After 1815, the 20-franc gold coin was called a "napolon" (royalists still called this coin a "louis"), and so that is the colloquial term for this coin until the present. Sorry ! His vision stood in contrast to the Atlanticism of the United States, Britain and NATO, preferring instead a Europe that would act as a third pole between the United States and the Soviet Union. It is also important to note that each of the currency reports used from the Federal Reserve Bank 'Section 11: Currency' report have individual notes regarding the quotations that were used when gathering the data between 1916 and 1940. For example, if there are 120 to the dollar and 1.2 to the dollar then the number of yen per euro is 120/1.2 = 100. Send money online fast, secure and easy. For the value of a simple commodity (loaf of bread, gallon of gas), you'd use the CPI. 1 Old Franc = 1 New Centime
Set rate alerts for USD to FRF and learn more about US Dollars and French Francs from XE - the Currency Authority. Explore resources provided by the Research Division at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, French Franc to One U.S. Dollar, Monthly, Not Seasonally Adjusted Jan 1971 to Dec 2001 (2006-03-08) Monthly Jan 1960 to Feb 2022 (Mar 10) National Currency Units per US Dollar, Annual 1960 to 2021 (Jan 18) National Currency Units per US Dollar, Quarterly Correction: French francs from 1960-2000 are .999 nickel and as of 8/8/2012, nickel is trading at just over double the price of . 1.00 French Franc = 0.16 947825 US Dollars 1 USD = 5.90046 FRF FRF replaced by EUR We use the mid-market rate for our Converter. Q1 2023 The rise in the value of gold at the onset of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain and elsewhere as well as King Louis XVI's reign led to the rise in the Gold-Silver Ratio to 15.5, resulting in the reduction in the gold content of the 24-livre Louis d'Or from 1/30th to 1/32nd of a Mark, 11/12 fine. p. 145. [4][18][19] For example, lottery prizes were most often advertised in amounts of centimes, equivalent to the old franc, to inflate the perceived value of the prizes at stake. His successor Pompidou thought the country had lost competitiveness and decided to devalue early in his first term to get a head start on the problem. What was the worth of 1 billion German mark in 1923 or 1000 Polish zloty in 1980? Gold as circulating currency would henceforth continue in the form of cu dors of varying gold content. The database blip is here. To answer these questions the Historical Currency Converter uses a short-cut, by comparing the worth of various sums in various currencies in their purchasing power of Swedish consumer goods and the pay of workers in Sweden. ! Rodney Edvinsson, Tor Jacobson and Daniel Waldenstrm). . A considerable acceleration in the debasement of the French, English and Dutch currencies occurred during the reign of the Valois-Angoulme kings in the 16th century amidst the huge influx of precious metals from the American continent arriving through the Habsburg Netherlands. Changes in circumstances after this time may impact on the accuracy of the information. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system#French_franc, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI, Historical Value At Risk on option portfolio. Between 1360 and 1641, it was the name of coins worth 1 livre tournois and it remained in common parlance as a term for this amount of money. [16] Where do I get historic performance data of the MSCI World Growth/Value index. The USD/FRF peg change was effective as of 10 August 1969, when it changed from 4.9371 Franc to 5.55 Franc (per 1 USD), i.e. Check out the World Price Guide on NGCcoin.com for France Franc values. Our currency rankings show that the most popular French Franc exchange rate is the FRF to USD rate. Swap currencies. Beginning in 1945 at a rate of 480 francs to the British Pound (119.1 to the U.S. dollar), by 1949 the rate was 980 to the Pound (350 to the Dollar). In July 1967, de Gaulle visited Canada, then-celebrating its centennial with a world's fair, Expo 67. However, de Gaulle supported the principle of a just settlement for both the Arab and Jewish refugees of the Middle East within the framework of the United Nations. Add Coin. (. Group Converter. Most older series were exchangeable for 10 years from date of withdrawal. "[1] This was a major change in French policy. 150000000 French franc [1795-1960] in year 1825 could buy the same amount of consumer goods and services in Sweden as 1187575125.436725 US dollar [1791-2015] could buy in Sweden in year 2015. France emerged from World War II in the 1960s, rebuilding the country physically and the nation's national identity through the French Fifth Republic. This Swiss Franc to US Dollar currency converter is updated with real-time rates every 15 minutes as of Apr 29, 2023. Along with the Spanish peseta, the French franc was also a de facto currency used in Andorra (which had no national currency with legal tender). [citation needed], During the Consulship period (17991804) silver francs were struck in decimal coinage. In many respects, society was traditionalist and repressive. Or using the UK inflator and converting the to $: 132,000 = $170,000 in 2017 would be the high end instead of $214k. - Bohlin, J, 'From appreciation to depreciation the exchange rate of the Swedish krona, 19132008', in Historical Monetary and Financial Statistics for Sweden: Exchange rates, prices and wages 12772008 (eds. Free shipping on many items | Browse your favorite brands | affordable prices. the minimum on Tuesday, 27 September 2022. Only the denier existed as a coin for the next 500 years, with the sou and livre functioning as accounting multiples of the denier. In 2007, it took 1,3415 dollars to buy one euro. In the context of a population boom unseen in France since the 18th century, the government under prime minister Georges Pompidou oversaw a rapid transformation and expansion of the French economy. As you can see there was a sharp drop (approx 11%) in the exchange value of the franc in a single day somewhere in the first half of August 1969. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. [citation needed] This policy, it is argued, was only made possible by de Gaulle's resolve, and was not sustainable in the long run. The US dollar rate against the British pound was 476.80 US cents per pound or 4.768 US dollars per pound. Cookie Notice Inflation continued to erode the currency's value, but much more slowly than those of other countries. Thanks for the information. France entered another turbulent period during the War of the Spanish Succession from 1701 to 1714, resulting in another debasement of the livre tournois. - Sderberg, Johan, 2010, 'Long-term trends in real wages of labourers', in Historical Monetary and Financial Statistics for Sweden: Exchange rates, prices and wages 12772008 (eds. After a brief appreciation of the franc during the Depression of 19201921, it depreciated a further 43% between 1922 and a balancing of the budget in 1926. On 24 July, speaking to a large crowd from a balcony at Montreal's city hall, de Gaulle uttered Vive le Qubec! In analogy with the old Louis d'or these coins were called Gold Napoleons. Gold coinage was suspended and the franc was debased. US Dollar to National Currency Spot Exchange Rate for France Euro, Not Seasonally Adjusted Quarterly Q1 1960 to Q1 2023 (Apr 20) Monthly Jan 1960 to Mar 2023 (Apr 20) Annual 1960 to 2022 (Jan 13) Real Effective Exchange Rates Based on Manufacturing Unit Labor Cost for France Index 2015=100, Not Seasonally Adjusted How can I control PNP and NPN transistors together from one pin? - Reinhart, C, and Rogoff, K, 2002, 'The modern history of exchange rate arrangements: A reinterpretation'. Old one and two franc pieces continued to circulate as centimes (none of which were minted for the first two years), 100 of them making a nouveau franc (the abbreviation NF was used on banknotes for some time). VASPKIT and SeeK-path recommend different paths. 100 New Centimes = 1 New Franc, Leafy branch divides date and denomination. The currency code for US Dollars is USD. In the 17th century King Louis XIII abolished its unpopular coinage of francs and ecus in favour of Spanish-modelled coins. The gold franc worth one livre tournois was introduced in 1360 to pay the ransom of King John II of France. Nevertheless, the name "franc" continued in accounting as a synonym for the livre tournois.[11]. They were assignats in denominations between 100 and 10,000 francs. This devaluation was aggravated by the insistence of the Republican U.S. federal government and World War Foreign Debts Commission that France's war debts be repaid within 25 years at a minimal 4.25 percent interest per year. One such currency, the Livre Tournois, would eventually become the preferred accounting system under a more centralized French kingdom.[5]. Date. What does "Smote their breasts" signify in Luke 23:48? This is for informational purposes only. Get the latest 1 US Dollar to French Franc rate for FREE with the original Universal Currency Converter. He was also targeted by the settler Organisation arme secrte (OAS) terrorist group and several assassination attempts were made on him; the most famous is that of 22 August 1962, when he and his wife narrowly escaped an assassination attempt when their Citron DS was targeted by machine gun fire arranged by Jean-Marie Bastien-Thiry in Petit-Clamart. In particular, this currency system was retained during the Bourbon Restoration and perpetuated until 1914. To answer these questions click on the A currency converter for sums of money in Game of Thrones. Emperor Charlemagne's monetary system was introduced in 781 AD to the Frankish Carolingian Empire and spread over the centuries to much of Western Europe, with a Livre (pound) of silver divided into 20 Sols or Sous (shillings) and the Sol divided into 12 Deniers (penny). The Second Republic Monetary Authority minted a 1-centime copper coin with a 1795 design. Why were Fama/French Momentum Factors discontinued in 2016? [20] A five-franc coin was first introduced in 180102 (LAN 10),[21] half-franc, one-franc, and gold 40-franc coins were introduced in 180203 (LAN 11),[22] and quarter-franc and two-franc coins in 180304 (LAN 12). Sign In; Join; About. Many have commented that the "policy of grandeur" was probably too ambitious and heavy for the shoulders of France. John II died as a prisoner in England and his son, Charles V was left to pick up the pieces. In 1944 this series was discontinued and withdrawn and the previous issue was resumed. This 50% advance was also seen in England in 1551 when it raised its troy ounce of sterling silver from 40 to 60 pence, and in the 17th century when Germany raised its one-ounce silver Thaler from 1 to 1+12 silver gulden. and our - PACIFIC Exchange Rate Service, 'Foreign Currency Units per 1 U.S. Dollar, 1948-2014', http://fx.sauder.ubc.ca
FRF to USD currency chart. In 1807, the reverse legend changed to name France as "Empire Franais". 1960: Franc: 406,375,000 Shop eBay! The gros and the cu compared favourably with England's 2-pence coin of 1.8 g silver and 40-pence (16th of a pound) half-noble coin of 3.48 g gold, resulting in an approximate exchange rate of 1 pound sterling to six Livres Parisis. Check live rates, send money securely, set rate alerts, receive notifications and more. The old franc pieces were gradually withdrawn. De Gaulle is famously known for calling the United Nations le Machin ("the thing"). The French Mark of 8 ounces was a unit of weight equal to 244.752 grams, and equal in weight to 192 deniers or 16 sols of this period. It also abolished the Livre Parisis system in favour of exclusive use of the Livre Tournois. It was reintroduced (in decimal form) in 1795. [citation needed], Copper coins were rarely issued between 1801 and 1848, so the quarter franc was the lowest current denomination in circulation. The US dollar rate against the French franc was 17.1045 US cents per franc or 5.8464 francs per US dollar. 1 USD-United States [US dollar / $]=592.5843 FRA-France -1959 (->FRF) [Old french franc / AF], Put your mouse over a country to see its name, flag and currency, click on it to see details of the currency, Currencies that increase the most appear first, Enter an amount in the box field of your chosen currency and. The franc (/frk/, French:[f] (listen); sign: F or Fr),[n 2] also commonly distinguished as the French franc (FF), was a currency of France. The loose enforcement of monetary standards in the Dutch provinces resulted in a significant 13rd reduction in the value of the French livre by 1549, with debasements continuing into the 17th century. Malayan dollars Malian francs Maltese pounds Mexican pesos Moroccan dirhams Mozambique escudos . The common currency was based on the franc germinal, with the name franc already being used in Switzerland and Belgium, whilst other countries minted local denominations, redeemable across the bloc with 1-to-1 parity, though with local names: e.g., the peseta. (Long live free Quebec!). Until 1929, these coins were issued by the chambers of commerce, bearing the phrase bon pour on it (meaning: "good for"). Copper coins were issued in the denominations of 1 centime, 5 centimes, 1 dcime, and 2 dcimes, designed by Augustin Dupr. Here's a graph that shows the value of the franc compared to 2007 euro . In 1929, the original franc germinal of 1795 was replaced by the franc Poincar, which was valued at 20% of the 1803 gold standard. (Apr 20), National Currency Units per US Dollar, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted, Francs per Dollar, Monthly, Not Seasonally Adjusted, Index 2002=100, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted, Marks per 100 Francs, Monthly, Not Seasonally Adjusted, Jan 1970 Banknotes of the series current at changeover to the Euro could be exchanged at the French central bank or other services until 17 February 2012. [24] Several new denomination were introduced as gold coinage: 5 gold francs (1856),[25] 10 gold francs (1850),[26] 50 gold francs (1855),[25] and 100 gold francs (1855). [citation needed], Nickel-clad copper-nickel 5-franc and nickel-brass 10-franc coins replaced their silver counterparts in 1970 and 1974, respectively. In January 1960 the French franc was revalued at 100 existing francs. Eight years later U.S. President Richard Nixon visited the PRC and began normalizing relations. After 1422 the gros of 1 sol Parisis was minted at 96 to a French Mark, 34 fine (hence 1.912 g per gros), while the cu of 20 sols Parisis was minted at 64 to a French Mark, 22+12 karats or 1516 fine (hence 3.585 g per cu). These are the average exchange rates of these two currencies for the last 30 and 90 days. These followed in 1796 by "territorial mandate promises" for 25 up to 500 francs. The new Flemish Guilder (Pound) of 20 Stuiver (shilling) contained 32.6 g fine silver and was approximately par with the Livre Parisis of 20 sols (38.24 g). The coin was subsequently withdrawn on 19 December and became demonetized at the end of June the next year. The new coin's reputation and handling convenience versus those of debased deniers assured the adoption of the gros tournois to the rest of Western Europe. . To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. - Jacks, D, 2006, 'Japan 1885-1926', Excel file, http://gpih.ucdavis.edu/files/Japan_1885-1926.xls
[citation needed], Following the war, rapid inflation caused denominations below 1 franc to be withdrawn from circulation while 10 francs in copper nickel were introduced, followed by reduced size 10-franc coins in aluminium-bronze in 1950, along with 20 and 50-franc coins of the same composition. As a result of the incidence of hyperinflation in Germany the exchange rate for the Papermark was dramatically devalued in the period between July 1923 and October 1924 meaning that the recorded exchange rates could not be sensibly used in the Archival Currency Converter. 1 Old french franc = 0.0014629 US dollar. The chambers of commerce's notgeld ("money of necessity"), from 1918 to 1926, produced 25c, 50c, 1F, 2F, 5F, and 10F notes. It was a vernacular scatological pun meaning 'chie-en-lit, no'. Rodney Edvinsson, Tor Jacobson and Daniel Waldenstrm). De Gaulle was convinced that a strong and independent France could act as a balancing force between the United States and the Soviet Union, a policy seen as little more than posturing and opportunism by his critics, particularly in Britain and the United States, to which France was formally allied. Their absence left the organization essentially unable to run its affairs until the Luxembourg compromise was reached in January 1966. The real story is to be found elsewhere: There was a crisis in Vietnam in the 50s, and in Algeria in 1960; The "new franc" was introduced in 1960. De Gaulle resigned on 29 April 1969, following the defeat of his referendum to transform the Senate into an advisory body while giving extended powers to regional councils. In the November 1958 elections, de Gaulle and his supporters (initially organised in the Union pour la Nouvelle Rpublique-Union Dmocratique du Travail, then the Union des Dmocrates pour la Vme Rpublique, and later still the Union des Dmocrates pour la Rpublique, UDR) won a comfortable majority. The currency devaluation contributed to French demands for high reparations payments from Germany. If this is not the right forum please advise. Old one and two franc pieces continued to circulate as centimes (no new centimes were minted for the first two years), 100 of them making a nouveau franc (the abbreviation NF was used on banknotes for some time). Past month; billet magnifique ! Inflation continued to erode the franc's value: between 1950 and 1960, price levels increased 72 per cent (5.7% per year on average); between 1960 and 1970, it increased 51 per cent (4.2%). This work may be used if proper credit is given. Economically, this sound money was a great success and Napoleon's fall did not change that. If available, you should be able to enable it via your browser's preference settings. (Or was it the other way around and something happened to skyrocket the exchange value of the dollar?). Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. What were the most popular text editors for MS-DOS in the 1980s? The maximum was reached on Monday, 28 February 2022. I stumbled onto a bit of a mystery. Once the bimetallic coins were circulating and produced in necessary quantities, the aluminium-bronze pieces were gradually withdrawn and demonetized. The data is complemented with sources from other countries (see list below). At the same time gold flowing from Southern Europe started to become an important medium of exchange in the North, so gold francs worth 1 livre Tournois (16 sols Parisis) were minted at 63 to a French Mark of fine gold (hence, 3.885 g in a franc). You wont receive this rate when sending money. University of Melbourne, Wednesday 3 June, 2020, An article in New Daily responding to 'The Australian art market has flatlined. Has the cause of a rocket failure ever been mis-identified, such that another launch failed due to the same problem? Lot of 1949 50 Franc French Note Dollar Bill & 1960 1 Franc Coin $51 Le Verrier. Livres and deniers issued c.1000 under the Capetian dynasty contained 305.94 g and 1.27475 g fine silver, respectively. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. The huge demonstrations and strikes in France in May 1968 severely challenged de Gaulle's legitimacy. The gold cu au soleil was minted at 72 to the Mark, 23+18 karats fine (3.2754 g fine gold), and was valued at 25 Sols Parisis. Coinage with explicit denominations in decimal fractions of the franc also began in 1795. 3 YungCamus 4 yr. ago 1 FRF ~ 0.2 USD http://www.historicalstatistics.org/Currencyconverter.html The USD/FRF peg change was effective as of 10 August 1969, when it changed from 4.9371 Franc to 5.55 Franc (per 1 USD), i.e. In May 1987: $1 US was worth 5.95 francs ($.168 per franc) These numbers come from almanacs that happened to be sitting about.
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