kinetic energy of a proton

Note that the negative sign coming from the charge on the electron has been of the two protons and the 42He from the pp I reaction) adds energy to the plasma in the Sun. releasing 26.73 MeV of energy, some of which is lost to the neutrinos. The minimum average momentum of the proton is roughly equal to the uncertainty in the momentum, therefore, the minimum kinetic energy is: KEmin = pmin/2m = (Dp)/2m = (5.31020kg m/s)/2(1.671027kg) = 8.41013J = 5.3106eV = 5.3MeV. "if the up and down quark masses were zero (and everything else was left unchanged), the proton mass would barely change from what we observe it to be.". Like many things in subatomic science, we must turn to Albert Einstein and his famous equation, E = mc2. Instead, there is quantum foam, Cosmic rays passing through Great Pyramid help reveal hidden corridor, An attempt to solve a quantum problem just deepens the mystery, Our expectations can create fake short-term memories. A proton with a kinetic energy of$4.9 \times 10^{-16} \mathrm{~J}$ moves perpendicular to a magnetic field of $0.26 \mathrm{~T}$. When we talk about how matter is assembled, the most familiar building block is the atom. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. This means they have a lot of moving energy, what we call kinetic energy. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. (Scientists speak of electron clouds because, according to quantum mechanics, an electron is simultaneously everywhere and only manifests in a single location when the atom interacts with its surrounding environment.). It is a derived unit. And anyway, aren't there just as easily relativistic bound states? $$, $$ Even worse are words like "billion" (is it ##10^9## as in the US or ##10^{12}## as in Germany?). We have a concise scientific notation, we should use in the natural sciences, and nothing else! TL;DR, the ~929 MeV of the proton, ignoring the ~9 MeV of the valence quarks, is some amount of negative potential and positive kinetic energy, say -200 MeV potential and 1129 MeV kinetic, for example. A typical result is shown in this figure (taken from a report on a future electron ion collider) which shows fractional contributions from quarks and gluons (with quark mass contributions separated out). Protons and neutrons (which we can lump together and rebrand as nucleons) are made of smaller particles still called quarks. \frac{1}{2}\langle p| E^2 p\rangle Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. WebThe cosmic rays of highest energy are protons that have kinetic energy on the order of 1013MeV. Also, we have magnetic field equals to 0.26 tesla. They are basically spheres with a radius of about one-quadrillionth of a meter. There is also the extremely rare pp IV branch. 34-35, Thinking Physics, 3rd edition), Finding the terminal velocity of a model rocket from a list of velocities. Here, we present proof of principle studies to demonstrate how the product ions associated with the ion mobility peaks obtained from a High Kinetic Energy-Ion \simeq -525\, {\rm MeV} So here's my proton. WebThe required electron kinetic energy for this two-particle decay scheme is Note that the maximum kinetic energy of the recoiling proton is only about 0.4 KeV, so the recoil For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. You are an energy field but not the chakras or auras kind. Where energy released. for thousands. The total energy yield of one whole chain is 26.73MeV. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. What is this brick with a round back and a stud on the side used for? The minimum average momentum of the proton is roughly equal to the uncertainty in the momentum, therefore, the minimum WebThe kinetic energy is given by KE = 1/2 mv2. WebThe charge of an electron-- and it is positive, so that's the same thing as the charge for a proton-- times 6 times 10 to the seventh-- 6 E 7, you just press that EE button on your It is filled with an electromagnetic field, which ties the electrons to the nucleus. Also, the proton cannot be ionized into quark constiutents. In the International System of Units (SI), the unit of energy is the joule, named after Joule. In the present study, the HiKE-IMS-MS is used to identify positive reactant ion populations in both, purified air and nitrogen, respectively and the experimental data suggest the generation of systems of clustered primary ions, which most probably serve as reactant ions. Total Energy is the total final energy consumption at a specific branch/variable. (Hint: remember that both momentum and energy must be conserved!) JavaScript is disabled. Atoms are mostly empty space. Along with neutrons, protons make up the nucleus, held together by the strong force. The decay of the neutron is associated with a quark transformation in which a down quark is converted to an up by the weak interaction. Esperti OCF nella Protezione Patrimoniale. What is the speed of a proton with kinetic energy? Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Finding the final speed of a space probe using work and kinetic energy. {notificationOpen=false}, 2000);" x-data="{notificationOpen: false, notificationTimeout: undefined, notificationText: ''}">, Copy a link to the article entitled http://Each%20of%20our%20bodies%20is%20proof%20of%20Einsteins%20equation, At light speed, Einsteins equations break down and nothing makes sense, Mass misconception: The real reason we cant outpace light speed, Nothing doesnt exist. the relationship between the mass of an object and its velocity. Another set of experiments designed to detect proton decay was carried out in the water Cherenkov detector at Super Kamiokande in Japan. "Luminosity" here means the amount of energy given off by the Sun as electromagnetic radiation rather than as neutrinos. So we know that the radius of circular path of proton is given by r equals to a square root of 2 multiplied by m multiplied by k, divided by q. WebIn general, protonproton fusion can occur only if the kinetic energy (i.e. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Kinetic energy is also proportional to velocity squared, the change of which depends on the mass too. +\frac{1}{4}g^{\mu\nu}F^2 - F^{\mu\alpha}F_{\alpha}^{\nu} The proton is a baryon and is considered to be composed of two up quarks and one down quark. Please subscribe to view the answer, A proton with a kinetic energy of $4.6 \times 10^{-16} \mathrm{J}$ moves perpendicular to a magnetic field of 0.36 $\mathrm{T}$ . (Velocity and Acceleration of a Tennis Ball), Finding downward force on immersed object. This can be found by analyzing the force on the electron. The kinetic and potential energy associated with these quarks is so intense that it makes up 98% of the mass of all matter. For example, a car traveling along a highway has certain energy if it hits another vehicle, the outcome will be much more destructive than if it were moving at 5 mph. Although parts 3 and 4 sound like two different lab experiments, because of Relativity, they could be the same lab experiment viewed from different inertial frames. What were the most popular text editors for MS-DOS in the 1980s? My main question really is what is the magnitude in MeV of the negative contribution to the Proton's mass? Where are makes up the nucleus of an atom? The neutron is about 0.2% more massive than a proton, which translates to an energy difference of 1.29 MeV. What does this mean for the change in the potential energy of the proton and where does this potential energy go during acceleration? The electrons gain more transferred energy from the light that became its kinetic energy, rather than the proton because its mass are much less massive than protons. I then tried to work out the energy using a different equation, W= q x v but that left me with 1.28x10^-14 J which seemed too small. The content of our long-term memories is constantly reconstructed by our brains. The proton's kinetic energy increases in the circular dee but not in the gap. "Electron"-volt does not only apply to electrons.) This would not have been so extraordinary except for the fact that when the electron had its maximum kinetic energy, it accounted for all the energy Q available for the decay. Si verificato un errore nell'invio. (Note, I am aware that in actuality most of this energy will be taking the form of virtual quark-antiquark pairs, but these are in constant flux and so I am merely looking for the semi-classical baseline that these quantum fluctuations float around.). A proton (rest mass 1.67x10^-27 kg) has total energy that is 3.2 times its rest energy. you should use the relativistic equations to calculate the kinetic energy .. Final kinetic energy KE = 1/2 m1v12 + 1/2 m2v22 = joules. How was the universe created if there was nothing? Did Planck think the light emitted from black bodies to be quantised? I have seen the comma (,) used to demarcate the decimal point but not the period (.) [13] A more detailed diagram of the neutron's decay identifies it as the transformation of one of the neutron's down quarks into an up quark. Kinetic Energy / Potential Energy / Total Energy question, Kinetic energy of the Monster Hunter cannon, Kinetic energy transfer from shockwave to secondary body, Which statement is true? Even a naive calculation that doesn't take into account the full QCD calculation would be appreciated, I just need an estimate. Now let's calculate the frequency of the 1 eV photon. Multiplied by b here q is the charge m. Is the mass of proton, 1. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. $$. That does seem like a viable option, yes. Answer link After the development of quantum mechanics, it was discovered that tunneling of the wavefunctions of the protons through the repulsive barrier allows for fusion at a lower temperature than the classical prediction. After it is formed, the deuteron produced in the first stage can fuse with another proton to produce the light isotope of helium, 3He: This process, mediated by the strong nuclear force rather than the weak force, is extremely fast by comparison to the first step. It shows impressive complexity. A free neutron will decay with a half-life of about 10.3 minutes but it is stable if combined into a nucleus. $$ I took this image of the from the very instructive webpage of Matt Strassler . It shows impressive complexity. It illustrates that the sum of th The minimum average momentum of the proton is roughly equal to the uncertainty in the momentum, therefore, the minimum kinetic energy is: The kinetic energy of a proton is 80% of its total energy. Ok, you should edit your question to clarify that point about the virial theorem. The breakdown of that 99% is exactly what I'm looking for. The list of decay modes at left is not exhaustive. As it also turns out, the electron follows the virial theorem, so that binding energy is actually in the form of -26 eV of electromagnetic potential energy and 13 eV of kinetic energy. In this sense 99% of the proton mass is kinetic and potential energy. I know the potentials for a two-quark system and for the residual strong force (the Yukawa potential), but not for the proton, if there even is one since its a 3-body system. What is the formula for potential energy is? \simeq 850\, {\rm MeV}\quad\quad $$ [12] The protonproton chain, also commonly referred to as the pp chain, is one of two known sets of nuclear fusion reactions by which stars convert hydrogen to helium. Why is the mass of the proton such a precise value? May I treat the light from a star as a light beam? What is the kinetic energy of the antiproton if the kinetic energy of the proton is 92.85 MeV?Use the following Joules-to-electron-Volts conversion 1eV = 1.602 10-19 J. The total energy released going from 7Be to stable 7Li is about 0.862MeV, almost all of which is lost to the neutrino if the decay goes directly to the stable lithium. 90 percent of the neutrinos produced in the reaction of 7Be to 7Li carry an energy of 0.861MeV, while the remaining 10 percent carry 0.383MeV. However, another solar model from around the same time gives only 7.14 percent of neutrinos from the later steps and 92.86 percent from the synthesis of deuterium nuclei. Il bando ha l'obiettivo di promuovere la crescita inclusiva, di rafforzare l'occupabilit e la permanenza in azienda. The decay of the neutron is a good example of the observations which led to the discovery of the neutrino. of order 1,000 MeV, or 1 GeV. Thanks. WebThe electron is given kinetic energy that is later converted to another formlight in the television tube, for example. The third particle must be an electron antineutrino to allow the decay to satisfy lepton number conservation. This reaction is predicted theoretically, but it has never been observed due to its rarity (about 0.3ppm in the Sun). That video said when the light interacts with the surface of a body, the electron and proton start oscillating. The kinetic energy of a proton is 80% of its total energy. The value of the proton mass in the chiral (massless) limit can be determined on the lattice. An atoms size is thus ultimately determined by how close or far the electron cloud is to the nucleus. What's the cheapest way to buy out a sibling's share of our parents house if I have no cash and want to pay less than the appraised value? Mass of proton . Here neutron at rest decays into proton and electron . This is a staggering, mind-twisting conclusion. Smooth along has a kinetic energy So we call that k e kinetic energy of 4.6 times 10 to the 123 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10160. and . It dominates in stars with masses less than or equal to that of the Sun,[2] whereas the CNO cycle, the other known reaction, is suggested by theoretical models to dominate in stars with masses greater than about 1.3 times that of the Sun. Example of antiproton creation [ edit] At higher energy, the same collision can produce an antiproton : If one of the two initial protons is stationary, we find that the impinging proton must be given at least of energy, that is, 5.63 GeV. States of this type exist in the heavy quark sector of QCD (at least approximately), and are know as charmomium, bottomonium, etc. Convert the kinetic energy to Joules: Gamma factor in this case is equal to 5 so the speed of the proton is = sqrt(24)/5 in units of c . It is estimated that, under the conditions in the Sun's core, each newly created deuterium nucleus exists for only about one second before it is converted into helium-3.[1]. Constituent quarks interact (by one gluon exchange, string potentials, or instanton induced fores) to make the proton, with a binding energy $3\times 400 - 935 \sim 265$ MeV. The kinetic energy must therefore be some multiple greater than 1 of the potential energy, and I am wondering if one has calculated what that multiple is. Experiments are underway to see if such decays can be detected. The relative amounts of energy going to the neutrino and to the other products is variable. I'm watching a video about " What is a black body?". WebDelta-Function Approximation:Can approximate mean pion kinetic energy E to that of proton E kinassuming E = E kin with 0 0:17 ("inelasticity"for 0) Pion emissivity q =number of pions produced per unit volume, time and energyfor incident proton energy distribution N p(E p) [1/erg cm3] and density of target nuclei n H, i.e. The potential energy must still be negative (since it is still a potential well and the strong potential is attractive at nuclear distances), but the virial theorem no longer holds (because the strong potential doesn't follow an inverse square law), so the kinetic energy can no longer be simply negative half of the potential (and that would lead to a negative net binding energy anyway, but we know from above its positive). Measuring the speed of light in a straight line. The electrons gain more transferred energy from the light that became its kinetic energy, rather than the proton because its Gather together the right number and kinds of atoms (like oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon) and you can build a human body. The observed momentum and energy distributions for the electron are as shown below. Again a homework exercise ? At the time, the temperature of the Sun was considered to be too low to overcome the Coulomb barrier. To calculate kinetic energy: Find the square of the velocity of the object. JavaScript is disabled. The Hamiltonian is Also, we have p c = E v / c, so we get: E = m c 2 / ( 1 v 2 / c 2) 1 / 2. Detection of solar neutrinos from this reaction were reported by the Borexino collaboration in 2012. The answer is "yes", modulo some of the ambiguities mentioned above (the total mass of the proton is certainly well defined, but there may be ambiguities in individual terms that cancel in $m_p$). Decay of the proton would violate the conservation of baryon number, and in doing so would be the only known process in nature which does so. Gamma factor in this case is equal to 5 so the speed of the proton is =, According to the LHC article on Wikipedia, protons are accelerated such that their mass energy is 7 TeV 1.12 J. It had to be a neutral particle and in certain decays carried almost all the energy and momentum of the decay. The rest of the proton mass, according to Strassler, is quark and gluon kinetic energy and interaction energy. How to Make a Black glass pass light through it? In turn, atoms are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. It only takes a minute to sign up. This heating keeps the core of the Sun hot and prevents it from collapsing under its own weight as it would if the sun were to cool down. WebTherefore, the minimum kinetic energy for the proton must be MeV. A simple analysis (using numbers from the paper cited above) gives An alpha particle having certain kinetic energy has the same de-Brogle Most of the mass of your body is determined by protons and neutrons, which are made up of quarks. T^{\mu\nu} = \frac{1}{2} \bar\psi i\gamma^{(\mu} 9 % of proton mass is potential and 91 % is kinetic energy, see for more details article. It is as if the charge is going down an electrical hill where its electric potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. If we look at the potential for Chromium, there is a clearly negative component of the potential between the quarks, even if overall the gluon energy is positive. For ordinary objects, the final kinetic energy will be less than the initial value. The table concerns only the 99% of the power and neutrinos that come from the pp reactions, not the 1% coming from the CNO cycle. What is the SI unit of acceleration Class 9? T^{\mu\nu} = \frac{1}{2} \bar\psi i\gamma^{(\mu} g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s^2). The pp I branch is dominant at temperatures of 10 to 18MK. This is the rate-limiting reaction and is extremely slow due to it being initiated by the weak nuclear force. When a free electron moves through the same potential difference of 1 V its kinetic energy increases by -qV = - (-1.6*10 -19 C)* (1 J/C) = 1.6*10 -19 J = 1 eV. Studio Clarus usa i dati che fornisci al solo scopo di rispondere alle vostre richieste nel rispetto del Regolamento UE 2016/679 GDPR. Can you please explain Bernoulli's equation. How can global warming lead to an ice age? $$ $$, $$ Alternatively, the matrix element $\langle p|m_q\bar{q}q|p\rangle$ can be extracted from pion nucleon scattering, see, I believe you misunderstood the question. The formula for energy in terms of charge and potential difference is So 1 eV = (1.6 x 10^-19 coulombs)x(1 volt) = 1.6 x 10^-19 Joules. Copyright 2021 STUDIO CLARUS sas | P.I. When you combine the Uncertainty Principle with Einsteins famous equation, you get a mind-blowing result: Particles can come from nothing. Second postscript: If you are really interested in an estimate, there are models of the nucleon (not quite QCD, but QCD inspired) in which one can talk about binding energy. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? However, it was shown that 90% of patients could be treated at 198 MeV, and 95% of patients could be treated at 207 MeV. $$ Evidence of proton structure from deep inelastic scattering. As of this point, it seems that the proton lifetime has been pushed out to 1033 years. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Making the total less massive than the sum of its parts by about 1 part in 100 million. WebWhen a free proton moves through a potential difference of 1 V its kinetic energy decreases by -qV = (1.6*10 -19 C)* (1 J/C) = -1.6*10 -19 J = -1 eV. The process is analogous to an object being accelerated by a gravitational field. Diffraction of light and conservation of energy. In the Sun, each helium-3 nucleus produced in these reactions exists for only about 400 years before it is converted into helium-4. Ut enim ad minim. B) If the kinetic energy of an electron is 3.1e-18 J, what is the speed of the electron? But the electrons are also tiny, so the clouds are mostly empty space, too. Note that the energies in the second reaction above are the energies of the neutrinos that are produced by the reaction. See Answer JavaScript is disabled. WebThe relativistic energy-momentum equation is: E 2 = ( p c) 2 + ( m c 2) 2. BONUS PUBBLICITA: prorogato anche per il 2021! WebThe initial kinetic energies of the protons are equal as their initial velocities are equal. Problem: Webdesigned proton center-of-mass collision energy at the Large Hadron Collider (operated at 3.5 TeV since its start on 30 March 2010, reached 13 TeV in May 2015) 1 TeV: a trillion Strong forces equate to a lot of energy, in this case potential energy. MathJax reference. Science has confirmed that matter is indeed made of energy fields. Or maybe its just a miniscule contribution. WebThe proton's kinetic energy increases continuously during the spiraling The proton's kinetic energy does not increase, only the direction of the velocity vector changes. Weball right. A non-invasive method for looking inside structures is solving mysteries about the ancient pyramid. So first I tried to use KE=1/2 x m x v^2 but then realized I didnt have the velocity and I cant figure out a way to obtain it. How do I set my page numbers to the same size through the whole document? +\frac{1}{4}g^{\mu\nu}F^2 - F^{\mu\alpha}F_{\alpha}^{\nu} The electrons gain more transferred energy from the light that became its kinetic energy, rather than the proton because its mass are much less massive than protons. I have not been able to find an actual example of this Strong potential with numbers plugged in for the Proton, and I guess this is what I would most like an answer to. So, your mass what causes the bathroom scale to read higher than youd like resides in your protons and neutrons. Neutrinos do not interact significantly with matter and therefore do not heat the interior and thereby help support the Sun against gravitational collapse. Which ability is most related to insanity: Wisdom, Charisma, Constitution, or Intelligence? Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. According to one model of the sun, 83.3 percent of the 4He produced by the various pp branches is produced via branch I while pp II produces 16.68 percent and pp III 0.02 percent. The only way you can get an increase in kinetic energy is if there is some kind of energy release triggered by the impact. The energy yield Q would then be divided between the proton and electron. The basic idea is the following. For the moment we presume (incorrectly) that the decay involves just the proton and electron as products. Likewise, the momentum of the electron for this two particle decay is constrained to be. Total energy is distinguishable from Final Energy Intensity by the fact that energy data is entered directly: that is it is not specified as the product of an activity level and an energy intensity. 5. Also, one can attempt to take the gluon field energy and split into an electric part ("kinetic energy") and a magnetic part ("potential energy"). One of the implications of the grand unification theories is that the proton should decay with a half-life on the order of 1032 years. Since the conversion of hydrogen to helium is slow, the complete conversion of the hydrogen initially in the core of the Sun is calculated to take more than ten billion years.[5]. The pp III chain is not a major source of energy in the Sun, but it was very important in the solar neutrino problem because it generates very high energy neutrinos (up to 14.06MeV). Wikipedia states that the protons then have a speed of about 0.999999991c. It is possible for a proton to be transformed into a neutron, but you have to supply 1.29 MeV of energy to reach the threshold for that transformation. A similar separation cannot be done for quarks, because there is no gauge invariant way to decompose the covariant derivative $\bar\psi \gamma\cdot D\psi$ into a kinetic and an interaction term. Why is kinetic energy of a proton constant? In the Sun, This textbook answer is only visible when subscribed! In most nuclear reactions, a chain reaction designates a reaction that produces a product, such as neutrons given off during fission, that quickly induces another such reaction. joule, unit of work or energy in the International System of Units (SI); it is equal to the work done by a force of one newton acting through one metre. WebThe kinetic energy K of the electrons is adjusted by selecting a value of the potential difference in the electron gun. The massenergy relationship gives 19.795MeV for the energy released by this reaction plus the ensuing annihilation, some of which is lost to the neutrino. WebNote that 1 eV is the kinetic energy acquired by an electron or a proton acted upon by a potential difference of 1 volt. The rest energy of a proton mpc2 is 938 MeV, using here the standard high energy physics energy unit: 1 MeV = 106 eV. By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Yes, the sum $2m_u+m_d$ is only 10 MeV, but, as the right figure shows, there are more than three quarks in the proton. Also kinetic energy of fusion products (e.g. The total mechanical energy of a system is the sum of the total kinetic energy and total potential energy. In this sense 99% of the proton mass is kinetic and Diprotons are the much more common result of protonproton reactions within the star, and diprotons almost immediately decay back into two protons. E = hf, so f = E/h. It is equal to the energy expended (or work done) in applying a force of one newton through a distance of one metre. The protonproton chain is, like a decay chain, a series of reactions. (The electron is 0.51 MeV). There are two properties that define matter size and mass and both of these are determined at the subatomic level by energy and a related concept called force fields. If I excite the proton, all I can do is generate additional quark-anti-quark pairs. WebQ: (a) Energy is required to separate a nucleus into its constituent nucleons, as the drawing A: Mass of N147 = 14.003074 u Mass of neutron = 1.008665 u Mass of proton = 1.007825 u Mass of N157 = Q: 1. But at the high energies of particle accelerators, the reactions produced by a protonproton collision really stem from collisions between the protons component particles. [1] Since half the neutrinos produced in branches II and III are produced in the first step (synthesis of a deuteron), only about 8.35 percent of neutrinos come from the later steps (see below), and about 91.65 percent are from deuteron synthesis. Binding energy converted to kinetic energy/mass loss. It may not display this or other websites correctly. It may not display this or other websites correctly. Frank Wilczek on "Core" Physics: The Analytic Theory of Matter, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI. I clearly said what it was in my previous post. Since we are told that, In the International System of Units (SI), the unit of energy is the, joule, unit of work or energy in the International System of Units (SI); it is equal to the work done by a force of one newton acting through one metre. This decay illustrates some of the conservation laws which govern particle decays. Were not talking about the stuff you find in the alternative medicine section of the indie bookstore. Postscript: Note that the proton is very different from a typical non-relativistic bound state. The formation of positive reactant ions in HiKE-IMS is investigated in detail and based on kinetic and thermodynamic data from literature, the ion-molecule reactions are kinetically modeled. WebWhen a free positive charge q is accelerated by an electric field, such as shown in Figure 19.2, it is given kinetic energy. There are a number of subtleties, because in a field theory you must define what you mean by "potential" and "kinetic" energy, and there are issues with any decomposition that are related to gauge invariance and scale dependence. Thus to accelerate a proton to relativistic speeds implies giving it a K.E. About 99% of the energy output of the sun comes from the various pp chains, with the other 1% coming from the CNO cycle. You are using an out of date browser. For example, about 5 eV of energy is required to break up
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