The Modified Mercalli Scale measures the amount of shaking at a particular location. An important piece of information to keep in mind is that the magnitude scale is logarithmic. In other words, it is comparing amplitudes of waves on a seismogram, not the strength, or energy, of the quakes, according to USGS. Instruct students to illustrate each page to describe the destruction of each level of earthquake based on the 12 point Mercalli Scale. The number of earthquake recording stations is, therefore, low and as a result the earthquake impactions are usually observed in macroseismic intensity and reported manually in terms of isoseismal maps. Students learn about the types of seismic waves produced by earthquakes and how they move through the Earth. VI. evaluating historic earthquakes, where written records Htwe, Y.M.M. However, because of the many unsymmetrical geologic factors influencing intensity, the curves are often far from circular. M.Sc. Weak chimneys broken at roof line. Did you notice that 3 out of the 12 most powerful earthquakes were in Chile? Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences. WebThe Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. With improved engineering technology to predict the size and force of earthquakes, cities and communities have more time to prepare themselves from harm. or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. (Grade 4), Design solutions by safely using tools, materials, and skills. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. This scale is composed of 12 increasing levels of intensity based We sometimes assign points to a homework assignment to rate how well we did. to Present (1979). The one currently used in Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale - A copy of the The projector calculator finds the optimum viewing distance and throw distance for a specific projection size. VII. pages, email and other written documents. Remember that for each unit increase in magnitude: So, for example, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7 releases over 1000 times more energy than a magnitude 5 earthquake. Earthquake templates. Information, NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database, Natural Hazards Map Viewer - Significant Earthquakes Layer, Information May not be recognized as an earthquake. To sum up, in the moment magnitude scale, the strength of the earthquake is tied up with the seismic moment, which depends on three physical parameters rigidity, For example: "Rio de Janeiro, RJ". and Yamazaki, F. (2001) A proposal of instrumental seismic intensity scale compatible with MMI evaluated from three-component acceleration records. Empirical relationships between the macroseismic intensity and the groundmotion parameters (peak ground acceleration [PGA], peak ground velocity [PGV]) for western China are derived in this study. Miraculously, because of the late hour, no one was hurt by the crashing tower. May feel like a heavy truck passing by. Therefore, further work is required to check these PGA values carefully for consistency with those of the instrumentally recorded data. Memphis, TN: "Damage to the city is severe. WebModified Mercalli Intensity Scale Instrumental: detected only by instruments Very feeble: noticed only by people at rest Slight: felt by people at rest Like passing of a truck Vil Vill x and Damage. Indiana University Modified Mercalli intensity VIII is roughly correlated with peak accelerations of about one-quarter that of gravity (g = 9.8 metres, or 32.2 feet, per second squared) and ground velocities of 20 cm (8 inches) per second. 5), Analyze and interpret data identifying ways Earth's surface is constantly changing through a variety of processes and forces such as plate tectonics, erosion, deposition, solar influences, climate, and human activity
Ask the students: With Words and Pictures: Have students write a sentence on the bottom of each page of their information booklet describing their illustration of the Mercalli Scale rating. Branches broken from trees, General panic. We acknowledged thoughtful comments and suggestions by the Editor-In-Chief and anonymous reviewers which enhanced the quality of this manuscript significantly. Get to an open space if possible. Detailed Description. It describes the damage left by an earthquake, not the actual force of the earthquake. AAA Area of the fault rupture (cm2), which is the estimated area over which the earthquake has occurred. For questions about the information on this page, please email: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, WebModified Mercalli Intensity Scale CREDIT: Northern Illinois University Earthquake magnitude measures the strength of an earthquake, or the amount of energy that is released. Then, on 3rd - 4th December 1930, two earthquakes of approximately the same magnitude (~Mw 7.3) in Pyu and Yangon, respectively, were reported [8]. Structural engineers usually contribute information for assigning intensity values of VIII or above. Evansville, IN: "The smokestack of the Sterling Brewery collapsed in downtown Evansville. endobj
WebThe most common intensity scale used in Australia is the 12-point Modified Mercalli scale. (Write the words on the board for them to copy.) Quality, Department (Grade
IU. failure of the data to function on a particular system. To calculate the amount of released energy from an earthquake, we've implemented Gutenberg and Richter's equation in this earthquake calculator: The most powerful earthquake ever recorded happened in Chile in 1960. The Mercalli scale is particularly useful for comparing modern earthquakes with those that occurred before the era of seismographic recording (i.e., prior to 1900)-and for providing estimates of earthquake location, focal depth, and magnitude for these early events. The contents of this digital library curriculum were developed under a grant from the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education (FIPSE), U.S. Department of Education, and National Science Foundation GK-12 grant no. The Modified Mercalli intensity scale ( MM, MMI, or MCS ), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli 's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of shaking produced by an earthquake. Review the purpose of the Mercalli Scale with the students, as described in the Introduction/Motivation section. The Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM, MMI, or MCS), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of shaking produced by an earthquake. technology, engineering or math (STEM) educational standards. Union of Burma Journal of Science and Technology, 1, 241-251. Has anyone ever heard of the Mercalli scale? We can use scales, rubrics, points, letter and numbers to show the level of something. The amplitude of shaking is 10 times larger. Financial support is acknowledged from the Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University through the Thai Government Stimulus Package 2 (TKK2555: PERFECTA); The National Research University Project of CHE; and the Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund (Project Code CC508B). <>
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Class Discussion: As a class, have students engage in open discussion. However, for MMI values of equal to or larger than level VI, which mainly represent the destruction of infrastructures or buildings, the same PGA generates a higher MMI level than the other regions. '", 14. Khin and Win [7] reported that the macroseismic intensities were up to a level of VIII in a radius of 150 km from its source. And that's it! Unstable objects overturned. Intensity ratings are expressed as Roman numerals between I at the low end and XII at the high end. (1996) Geotechnical earthquake engineering. Copyright ? 9 Based on this relationship, approximately, what is the magnitude of this earthquake. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Copyright 2023 The Trustees of can't directly convert the Richter or Magnitude scale to the Mercalli scale, video from Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, Check out 7 similar earth and weather calculators , Social Media Time Alternatives Calculator. California's Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989 was a 7.1. Pairs Check/Sharing with the Community: Have students share their booklets with a partner or the person next to them. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K [access date], Earth Science > Solid Earth > Seismology > Earthquake Occurrences, INFOTERRA > Disasters > Catastrophic phenomena > Earthquakes, INFOTERRA > Lithosphere > Seismic activity > Seismic activity, INFOTERRA > Lithosphere > Seismic monitoring > Seismic monitoring, INFOTERRA > Disasters > Catastrophic phenomena > Tsunami, DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, Significant damage was reported to tracks at the new railroad yard. CategoryEarth + Atmospheric Sciences Best forHigh School + Middle School. Ground cracking, Most buildings destroyed. However, according to the limitation of the political and economic situation, seismic hazard assessment and action is seemingly not recognized within the top priorities in Myanmar. Total damage. Wide cracks in 110 The Mercalli Scale Calling Station KWAT. By rating earthquakes, engineers can predict which quakes are going to cause the most damage and warn humans about them. (ed. Official websites use .gov Stay inside until the shaking stops. If time permits, have the students write a sentence on the bottom of each page describing the illustration. Waves seen on ground. The violence of seismic shaking varies considerably over a single affected area. Carbondale, IL: "Major damage was sustained only in new, prefabricated dwellings. The effects of earthquake waves at the surface can be measured using an intensity scale.This is an arbitrary scale based on observations of phenomena such as: The most common intensity scale used in Australia is the 12-point Modified Mercalli scale. Note that the effects on a particular area are highly dependent on the type of construction in the area. Layer the three pieces of white copy paper in one stack with one piece of construction paper on top for the cover. Hold on to your shelter with one hand until the shaking stops. Learn how the Richter scale measures magnitude and the Mercalli scale measures intensity of an earthquake. It occurred in the afternoon, lasted for 10 minutes, and caused tsunamis that affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, New Zealand, Australia, and the Aleutian Islands. The uncertainties in the variables used in the damage estimation should also be discussed. and Brady, A.G. (1975) On the correlation of seismic intensity scales with the peaks of recorded strong ground motion. Considerable damage to ordinary buildings, severe damage to poorly built structures. The strongly correlated MMI-PGA relationship obtained in this study, if confirmed, will be particularly useful in real-time applications for damage prediction or engineering parameter determination when an earthquake occurs in or nearby to Myanmar. Felt by everyone. The other thing you can do with this tool is to compare two magnitudes. scale composed of 12 increasing levels of intensity based on observed <>>>
Neumann, F. (1954) Earthquake intensity and related ground motion. and linked to the related tsunami event or significant volcanic eruption. Many old wooden buildings have collapsed into the street, and virtually all of the brick buildings are destroyed. The Modified Mercalli Intensity value assigned to a specific site after an earthquake has a more meaningful measure of severity to the nonscientist than the magnitude because intensity refers to the effects actually experienced at that place. Sleepers awaken. WebThe most widely used scale is the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MMI scale). from FEMA at no cost by calling 1-800-480-2520. Thehighernumbers of the scale are based on observed structural damage. Poplar Bluff, MO: "Even commuters driving to work felt the severe quake", 24. Fall of plaster, loose bricks, stones, tiles, cornices. Often, several slightly different magnitudes are reported for an earthquake. Single copies of this publication may be obtained Figure 1. Cite as: National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS on observed effects. 2015-04-22T00:00:00 -NOAA created the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) by merging You are, in effect, creating a ShakeMap of seismic intensity for this particular earthquake. to as its intensity. destruction, designated by Roman numerals. This study, therefore, used the PGA to calibrate with the obtained macroseismic intensity data. VIII. ), Seismic Design for Nuclear Power Plants. This offers the possibility of transforming readily observed intensity data into widely used engineering ground-motion characteristics and to rapidly assess the severity of ground shaking [1]. How Do Scientists Predict Tsunamis After Earthquakes? What city is closest to your estimated epicenter for this earthquake? The different symbols used in Figure 2 distinguish the MMI-PGA data obtained from individual isoseismal maps. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 24, 79-89. Circle skirt calculator makes sewing circle skirts a breeze. Students also investigate which structural designs are most likely to survive an earthquake. Large landslides. Some walls may fall. Furniture broken. While every effort has been made to ensure that these data are accurate and reliable ", 12. Trees and poles Isolated damage, Difficult to stand. The Mercalli Scale was used earlier than the Richter Scale. (1999) TriNet Shakemaps: rapid generation of peak ground motion and intensity maps for earthquakes in southern California. Landslides. above, whereas two earthquakes were located in the southern and northern parts of Thailand. Learn how to calculate the duty cycle of a periodic system with Omni's duty cycle calculator: insert what you know, and we'll do the math! Recorded by seismographs. <>
In case of the Tounggyi earthquake, the MMI is in the range of V-IX within the area covering approximately 500 km from the earthquake location [7]. Homepege, http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/general/handouts/mercalli.html. Chimneys may be slightly damaged. you can report your own experiences during an earthquake, so that ", 22. Modified Mercalli intensity VIII is roughly correlated with peak accelerations of about one-quarter that of gravity ( g = 9.8 metres, or 32.2 feet, per second squared) and ground velocities of {0,W7au]n{~y _aXV,k2m!J}UMv}xG?o?zW2Qeu,3Q~1trX&EYNLf5{}2C]|*+]n|=rxStH\Y#e\nX|_H^5E]4[:+fWxPBJLnty@6v
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~6\[K.|%TZl!DRE)Dgu[6*>(O[y=Tr1 Because the entire range of observed effects is not capable of simple quantitative definition, the strength of the shaking is commonly estimated by reference to intensity scales that describe the effects in qualitative terms. Earth, Planets and Space, 61, 1313-1325. 2006-2013 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All rights reserved. The 12-point Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale describes how an earthquake is felt and the damage that it to poorly built structures. From the result of this regression (Figure 2), it appears that there is a slight trend of MMI to be a linear function in relationship to the, which can represented by Equation (2) with a standard deviation of 0.33. where PGA is the peak ground acceleration (cm/s2) and MMI is the level of macroseismic intensity in terms of MMI scale. The earthquake "size" which is the energy released is. the USGA can use the Mercalli Scale of Intensity to map out ground (Ganse, Robert A., John B. Nelson, 1981). However, today seismologists more commonly rely on what is Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, 653. WebFirst, measure the scale on the map in Figure 13.13 in centimeters, and use that to convert your distances in kilometers to centimeters (ex. From a scientific standpoint, the magnitude scale is based on seismic records while the Mercalli is based on observable data which can be subjective. Usually (but not always) the highest intensities are ", 9. Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, Tokyo University, Tokyo, 469-482. (Grade
Kawasumi, H. (1951) Measures of earthquake danger and expectancy of maximum intensity throughout Japan as inferred from the seismic activity in historical times. Considerable damage to poorly built structures. Slight to moderate damage in well built, ordinary structures. Students learn about the Mercalli Scale for rating earthquakes.copyrightCopyright http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/US_Navy_110320-M-0145H-063_A_large_ferry_boat_rests_inland_amidst_destroyed_houses_after_a_9.0_earthquake_and_subsequent_tsunami_struck_Japan_March.jpg. at least one of the following criteria: caused deaths, caused moderate damage (approximately maximum MMI intensity, and socio-economic data such as the total number of casualties, Some walls collapse. WSU Press, Seattle. Earthquake, 17, 711-723. Avoid buildings, trees, power lines, and signs if you can. Therefore, the seismic building code of Myanmar should be modified in order to reduce future hazards arising from earthquakes. For instance, for a particular amount of shaking, unreinforced masonry (brick) buildings will experience much greater damage than wood-frame buildings in the same area. Giant Wave Characteristics and Causes, Survive That Tsunami! the measurement of the maximum motion recorded by a seismograph. 5), Develop and communicate an evidence based scientific explanation around one or more factors that change Earth's surface
Although it confounds many variables, Maximum intensity normally occurs near the earthquake epicentre, with intensity values then decreasing with distance. Slight structural damage. Part three of our introduction to seismology series is an exercise about the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale which is used by seismologists to determine the magnitude and epicenter of earthquakes of the past. Proceedings of the 5th World Conference Earthquake Engineering, Santiago, 13-18 January 1969. and Wenbin, S. (2010) Seismic hazard maps of Yangon and its surrounding areas. On this scale, intensities up to 5 are felt but cause no damage, while intensities from 6 to 12 cause increasing amounts of damage. Wald, D.J., Quintoriano, V., Heaton, T.H., Kanamori, H., Scrivner, C.W. ", 23. Units serve as guides to a particular content or subject area. ", 18. The magnitude (size) of an earthquake is based on It may be helpful to put the scale up on the board and read it aloud with the students. A measure of earthquake intensity. Note: The contour lines should not go through the intensity points, but should go between intensity pointsi.e., separate areas of one intensity from another. WebThe Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale is commonly used in the United States by seismologists seeking information on the severity of earthquake effects. Can you think of any examples? Considerable damage Lines of sight and level distorted. . Lexington, KY: "Mama Leone's Restaurant reported that several plates and dishes fell off of their shelves and broke. Ground badly cracked. 4 0 obj
U.S. Department of Commerce, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Project Keywords, National Geo-Spatial Information Science, 13, 230-234. Note that the scale is based on vibration experienced at a particular site. Le Dain, A.Y., Tapponnier, P. and Molnar, P. (1984) Active faulting and tectonics of Burma and surrounding regions. The JMA (Japan Meteorological Agency) scale from 1 to 7 is used in Japan and Taiwan. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 65, 139-162. In this activity, students learn about the Richter Scale for measuring earthquakes and make a booklet with drawings that represent each rating of the Richter Scale. ", 6. References, Paducah, KY: "A number of old brick buildings collapsed during the quake, though most of the newer buildings survived with little damage. (Answer: the damage left by an earthquake) Today we will learn more about this scale. Sand and mud shifted horizontally on beaches and. Engineers work very hard to protect humans from the potentially dangerous force of earthquakes. See below Earthquake magnitude. Black stars are the locations of past earthquakes whereas the ground shaking intensities are illustrated in terms of gradual color of the MMI scale. Rails bent slightly, Near total damage. Brown, J.C. (1914) The Burma earthquake of May 1912. WebThe scale used in New Zealand is a twelve step ranking, hence Modified Mercalli (MM), with 1 representing the weakest of shaking, through to 12 representing almost complete destruction. A Modified Mercalli Intensity of six is abbreviated as MMI 6. Fall of stucco and some masonry walls. the amount of movement or energy released. It describes the damage left by an earthquake, not the actual force of the earthquake. Thus, in contrast to the Richter Magnitude scale, which assigns a single value to represent the overall size of an earthquake, the intensity values for a given quake range from site to site. The database provides information Pailoplee, S., Sugiyama, Y. and Charusiri, P. (2009) Deterministic and probabilistic seismic hazard analyses in Thailand and adjacent areas using active fault data. creative classroom activity to illustrate earthquake intensity can It was originally introduced by the Italian seismologist Giuseppe Mercalli in 1902, and was Do you know that the shockwave originated from the detonation of the Tsar Bomba circled the world three times, touching at the antipodal point of the explosion and "bouncing" back? Brown, J.C. and Leicester, P. (1933) The Pyu earthquake of 3rd and 4th December, 1930 and subsequent Burma earthquakes up to January 1932. Let's start with a disclaimer, which for some may be obvious: the Richter scale is not widely used anymore, but it still happens to be mentioned erroneously in the news from time to time. ", 5. Figure 1, Table 1, Figure 1. Table 1. In this study, it is attempted to develop the relationship between macroseismic intensity, in terms of the MMI scale, and the engineering ground-motion parameter, in terms of the PGA. While shaking is caused Masks are expected for indoor activities. Free K-12 standards-aligned STEM curriculum for educators everywhere. Japan, however, is the country where we detect the most earthquakes (because of its dense seismic grid). Objects thrown up into the air. U.S. Department of Commerce, DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC > National Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department WebThe Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM or MMI), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli 's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the For the Mandalay earthquake, the work of Brown [6] revealed an MMI in the range of III-IX spreading out more than 900 km from the epicenter to central Thailand (Figure 1). Knoxville, TN: "Books fell off upper shelves of the school library. It's actually a much broader term. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. Explain the Mercalli Scale on their own through drawing and writing. OFFICE OF RESEARCH ", 20. WebThe one important intensity scale that does not have twelve degrees (now that the Rossi-Forel Scale is no longer much in use) is the seven-degree Japanese Meteorological Agency Scale (EMS-98), the Modified Mercalli Scale (MM or MMI) and the JMA scale, although the latter is not widely used in practice any longer to assign intensities. Khin, A. and Win, K. (1968) Preliminary studies of the paleogeography of Burma during the Cenozoic. It is constant for specific types of rock; DDD Average fault displacement (cm); the distance one block is relocated; and. ", 11. The Modified Mercalli intensity scale ( MM, MMI, or MCS ), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli 's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of shaking produced by an earthquake. This is a complete binder of activities for Grades K-6. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us III: Noticeable indoors, especially on upper Not felt. Catalog of Significant Earthquakes 2000 B.C. You may be wondering how "big" is that? Engineering to Prevent Natural Disasters: Save Our City! The earthquake magnitude you hear just after the phenomenon has occurred may differ from the final, official values provided later (up to 0.5). the last several hundred years. Furniture moves or overturns. Wood and Frank Neumann in 1931, in which intensity is considered to be more suitably graded. However, in practice, a physically based ground-motion measure is needed particularly for engineering purposes. and damage. Branches broken from trees. developed in 1931. and Sponheuer, W. (1969) Scale of seismic intensity. Changes in flow or temperature of springs and wells. Trees and poles may shake. Intensity. Total damage. from 2150 BC to the present. stream
Bloomington, IN: "Most of Bloomington's population ran into the streets during the height of the shaking. The easiest way to do this is to print out the map and write the values by the dot for each city. What does it measure? Check what you could have accomplished if you get out of your social media bubble. Some heavy furniture moved, some plaster falls. WebThe effect of an earthquake on the Earth's surface is referred to as its intensity. Thipyopass, S. (2010) Paleoearthquake investigation along the ranong fault zone, southern Thailand.
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