In Stonewall, renowned historian and activist Martin Duberman tells the full story of this pivotal moment in history. . WebArrest Reports From the 1969 Stonewall Uprising. Webraided a Greenwich Village nightclub called the Stonewall Inn. Through the lenses of protest, power, and pride, We Are Everywhere is an essential and empowering introduction to the history of the fight for queer liberation. Martha Shelley:They wanted to fit into American society the way it was. For instance, solicitation of same-sex relations was illegal in New York City. John O'Brien:And deep down I believed because I was gay and couldn't speak out for my rights, was probably one of the reasons that I was so active in the Civil Rights Movement. Greenwich Village's Stonewall Inn has undergone several transformations in the decades since it was the focal point of a three-day riot in 1969. In 1999 the U.S. National Park Service placed the Stonewall Inn on the National Register of Historic Places, and in 2016 Pres. Article by a village voice reporter who was at Stonewall. In this lesson, students analyze four documents to answer the question: What caused the Stonewall Riots? Lucian Truscott, IV, Reporter,The Village Voice:A rather tough lesbian was busted in the bar and when she came out of the bar she was fighting the cops and trying to get away. They were not used to a bunch of drag queens doing a Rockettes kick line and sort of like giving them all the finger in a way. Tommy Lanigan-Schmidt:As much as I don't like to say it, there's a place for violence. Jerry Hoose:And I got to the corner of Sixth Avenue and Eighth Street, crossed the street and there I had found Nirvana. Eventually something was bound to blow. And a whole bunch of people who were in the paddy wagon ran out. With Stonewall, the spirit of 60s rebellion spread to LGBTQ people in New York and beyond, who for the first time found One report cites three people Raymond Castro, Marilyn Fowler and Vincent DePaul as having acted together to shove and kick the officer. Ms. Fowler and Mr. DePaul had not been previously We were all there. Raids were still a fact of life, but usually corrupt cops would tip off Mafia-run bars before they occurred, allowing owners to stash the alcohol (sold without a liquor license) and hide other illegal activities. 400 Plankinton Ave. Compton's Cafeteria Raid, San Francisco, California, 1966, Coopers Do-Nut Raid, Los Angeles, California, 1959, LGBTQ History and Culture Since 1940, Part I, LGBTQ History and Culture Since 1940, Part II, Sex and Sexuality, Sixteenth to Twentieth Century, International Perspectives on LGBTQ Activism and Culture. But I had only stuck my head in once at the Stonewall. Patricia Yusah, Marketing and Communications But I was just curious, I didn't want to participate because number one it was so packed. It gives back a little of the terror they gave in my life. Raymond Castro:We were in the back of the room, and the lights went on, so everybody stopped what they were doing, because now the police started coming in, raiding the bar. I was wearing my mother's black and white cocktail dress that was empire-waisted. David Carter, Author ofStonewall:There was also vigilantism, people were using walkie-talkies to coordinate attacks on gay men. Web(Close reading) According to this document, what had been happening in the weeks leading up to the Stonewall Riots? People could take shots at us. Everyone from the street kids who were white and black kids from the South. All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. He was not present at the riot. It is usually after the day at the beach that the real crime occurs. Narrator (Archival):Sure enough, the following day, when Jimmy finished playing ball, well, the man was there waiting. How do you think that would affect him mentally, for the rest of their lives if they saw an act like that being? Because one out of three of you will turn queer. Notably, an uncounted number of LGBTQ+ people have died as a result of police raids on gay spaces. So I run down there. Narrator (Archival):Richard Enman, president of the Mattachine Society of Florida, whose goal is to legalize homosexuality between consenting adults, was a reluctant participant in tonight's program. And there, we weren't allowed to be alone, the police would raid us still. Cause I was from the streets. Although I was going through an extremely And I raised my hand at one point and said, "Let's have a protest march." Lucian Truscott, IV, Reporter,The Village Voice:What they did in the Stonewall that night. And if enough people broke through they would be killed and I would be killed. Richard Enman (Archival):Ye - well, that's yes and no. Read a July 6, 1969excerpt fromTheNew York Daily News. These events and the people involved have not received as much historical attention as Stonewall, but are just as central to understandings of U.S. LGBTQIA+ histories. A set of police records gathered by OutHistory.org, a Web site run by the Center for Lesbian and Gay Studies at the City University of New York Graduate Center. Seymour Pine, Deputy Inspector, Morals Division, NYPD:And they were, they were kids. Because if they weren't there fast, I was worried that there was something going on that I didn't know about and they weren't gonna come. There was the Hippie movement, there was the Summer of Love, Martin Luther King, and all of these affected me terribly. Milestones in the American Gay Rights Movement. Internet History Sourcebooks Project Documents from the 1969 Furor Immediately following the Stonewall riots of June 27th 1969, a series of demonstrations I mean, I came out in Central Park and other places. Gay bars were places of refuge where gay men and lesbians and other individuals who were considered sexually suspect could socialize in relative safety from public harassment. I believe hes an honorable man, k lmZkvLvcJ?Jcb^*` It was as if they were identifying a thing. Often, those who had survived police raids were hospitalized or had to seek medical care for their injuries. And then there were all these priests ranting in church about certain places not to go, so you kind of knew where you could go by what you were told not to do. The very idea of being out, it was ludicrous. by e-mail. Barbara Gittings and Kay Tobin Lahusen Gay History Papers and Photographs, Manuscripts and Archives Division, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations To find additional materials on this topic, search the Library of Congress Online Catalog: The subscription resources marked with a padlock are available to researchers on-site at the Library of Congress. National Archives and Records Administration 12 Test Bank IS2080 - Chapter 9 Test Study Guide Chapter 8 Practice BANA 2082 - Chapter 1.6 Notes Group Draft WRD - Grade: B Nobody. Dana Gaiser Martha Shelley:In those days, what they would do, these psychiatrists, is they would try to talk you into being heterosexual. Martin Boyce:There were these two black, like, banjee guys, and they were saying, "What's goin' on man?" Martin Boyce:And then more police came, and it didn't stop. Seymour Pine, Deputy Inspector, Morals Division, NYPD:We had maybe six people and by this time there were several thousand outside. WebJune 28, 1969, Greenwich Village: The New York City Police Department, fueled by bigoted liquor licensing practices and an omnipresent backdrop of homophobia and transphobia, raided the Stonewall Inn, a neighborhood gay bar, in the middle of the night. Narrator (Archival):Do you want your son enticed into the world of homosexuals, or your daughter lured into lesbianism? The Stonewall Riots : A Documentary History edited by Marc Stein provides Like, "Joe, if you fire your gun without me saying your name and the words 'fire,' you will be walking a beat on Staten Island all alone on a lonely beach for the rest of your police career. It provides references for primary documents related to the materials reprinted inThe Stonewall Riots; most of the sources come from newspapers, magazines, and newsletters. were wrongplain and simple.. Use evidence from at least three of the documents in your response. Martha Shelley:We participated in demonstrations in Philadelphia at Independence Hall. And here they were lifting things up and fighting them and attacking them and beating them. Lucian Truscott, IV, Reporter,The Village Voice:And then the next night. Mary Queen of the Scotch, Congo Woman, Captain Faggot, Miss Twiggy. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. People talk about being in and out now, there was no out, there was just in. They were to us. We ought to know, we've arrested all of them. Thanks to activists efforts, these regulations were overturned in 1966, and LGBT patrons could then be served alcohol. Please consider donating to SHEG to support our creation of new materials. Tensions between New York City Police and gay residents of Greenwich Village erupted into more protests the next evening and again several nights later. "The rebellion (it was never a 'riot') lasted five inconsecutive nights (they were not 'riots')" -STONEWALL Veterans' Association. They frequent their own clubs, and bars and coffee houses, where they can escape the disapproving eye of the society that they call straight. Police raids and harassment were a common occurrence across the U.S. during this time, and amid the growing political activism of the 1960s,LGBTQ+ people began to mobilize and fight back. You had no place to try to find an identity. ITN Source You can find the latest entries at nytimes.com/diary and on our New York section online. Seymour Pine, Deputy Inspector, Morals Division, NYPD:Well, I had to act like I wasn't nervous. Gay people were never supposed to be threats to police officers. And that, that was a very haunting issue for me. I went in there and they took bats and just busted that place up. WebOn June 28, 1969, the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in New York's Greenwich Village, was raided by police. WebThe United States has had its share of violent or destructive protests, starting during colonial times and continuing through the 1900s (e.g., Boston Tea Party in 1773; New York City draft riots in 1863, Haymarket riot in Chicago in 1886, Chicago Race Riot in 1919, Tulsa Race Massacre 1921, Zoot Suite riot in 1943, riots in Newark and Detroit in And, you know,The Village Voiceat that point started using the word "gay.". And so there was this drag queen standing on the corner, so they go up and make a sexual offer and they'd get busted. And it was fantastic. Gay people were not powerful enough politically to prevent the clampdown and so you had a series of escalating skirmishes in 1969. I actually thought, as all of them did, that we were going to be killed. And I said to myself, "Oh my God, this will not last.". The Stonewall Riots: A Documentary History . It was right in the center of where we all were. (c) 2011 Jerry Hoose:The bar itself was a toilet. ), Pine has been vilified by a number of gay writers, but from all my interactions with him I believe his account was truthful and accurate, Mr. Carter said. How Did the Rainbow Flag Become a Symbol of LGBTQ Pride? David Carter, Author ofStonewall:Most raids by the New York City Police, because they were paid off by the mob, took place on a weeknight, they took place early in the evening, the place would not be crowded. When you exit, have some identification and it'll be over in a short time." Joe DeCola NPS.gov. They could be judges, lawyers. And all of a sudden, pandemonium broke loose. Martha Shelley:I don't know if you remember the Joan Baez song, "It isn't nice to block the doorway, it isn't nice to go to jail, there're nicer ways to do it but the nice ways always fail." manner of the way the police conducted themselves. A set of police records gathered by OutHistory.org, a Web site run by the Center for Lesbian and Gay Studies at the City WebStonewall Riot praxis one paper pcs 215 03 praxis the stonewall riots in 1969, people responded to violence from officers at police raid at the stonewall inn in Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew My Library Discovery Institutions Southern New Hampshire University Harvard University Stonewall riots | Definition, Significance, & Facts | Britannica In the trucks or around the trucks. They were getting more ferocious. It said the most dreadful things, it said nothing about being a person. Historic Films A lot of them had been thrown out of their families. . Research assistance provided by Mario Burrus, Adam Joseph Nichols and Cole Souder. Howard Smith, Reporter,The Village Voice:But there were little, tiny pin holes in the plywood windows, I'll call them the windows but they were plywood, and we could look out from there and every time I went over and looked out through one of those pin holes where he did, we were shocked at how big the crowd had become. New York papers tend to call it the Stonewall uprising, not the Stonewall riot, because it played out as six days of skirmishes between young gay, lesbian, and You know. More progressives should keep that in mind these days. I just thought you had to get through this, and I thought I could get through it, but you really had to be smart about it. One never knows when the homosexual is about. Arrest Reports From the 1969 Stonewall Uprising, City University of New York Graduate Center, photographs taken by The New York Times from the final night of the riots, Litter and Graffiti Show Norwoods Distress, Tavern on the Green Seeks Publics Support. His movements are not characteristic of a real boy. Ed Koch, mayorof New York City from1978 to 1989, discussesgay civil rights in New York in the 1960s. WebLast Friday the privacy of the Stonewall was invaded by police from the First Division. Corbis Diana Davies Photographs, Manuscripts and Archives Division, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations Americas first lesbian rights organization, The Daughters of Bilitis, was formed in San Francisco on September 21, 1955. In particular, he cited the naming of Ms. Fowler as significant because some writers had questioned the extent or even existence of womens involvement at the inception of the uprising. A police officer, Charles Holmes, was treated at St. Vincents Hospital after being bitten on the right wrist by a rioter. Remember everything. We'll put new liquor in there, we'll put a new mirror up, we'll get a new jukebox." This is every year in New York City. Every arrest and prosecution is a step in the education of the public to the solution of the problem. It was large and relatively cheap to enter. Franco Sacchi, Additional Animation and Effects "Don't fire. You can also receive it via email. The mob was saying, you know, "Screw you, cops, you think you can come in a bust us up? And they wore dark police uniforms and riot helmets and they had billy clubs and they had big plastic shields, like Roman army, and they actually formed a phalanx, and just marched down Christopher Street and kind of pushed us in front of them. Doric Wilson:And we were about 100, 120 people and there were people lining the sidewalks ahead of us to watch us go by, gay people, mainly. John O'Brien:I knew that the words that were being said to put down people, was about me. Certainly it was rare at the time to learn more than the first name or nickhame of someone you met casually in a bar. I say, I cannot tell this without tearing up. Jerry Hoose:Gay people who had good jobs, who had everything in life to lose, were starting to join in. I was a man. They can be anywhere. Virginia Apuzzo:It was free but not quite free enough for us. But we had to follow up, we couldn't just let that be a blip that disappeared. On the one-year anniversary of the riots on June 28, 1970, thousands of people marched in the streets of Manhattan from the Stonewall Inn to Central Park in what was then called Christopher Street Liberation Day, Americas first gay pride parade. They had a warrant. I told the person at the door, I said "I'm 18 tonight" and he said to me, "you little SOB," he said. Jimmy hadn't enjoyed himself so much in a long time. If there's one place in the world where you can dance and feel yourself fully as a person and that's threatened with being taken away, those words are fighting words. % Judith Kuchar happily back in New York City, and I still pray for those who are brave enough to continue the quest for Equality. Thank you, New York Times for bringing this ongoing struggle by so many WebThe legacy of the Stonewall riots still makes its impact today. Meanwhile, there was crowds forming outside the Stonewall, wanting to know what was going on. On June 28, 1969, New York City police raided a Greenwich Village gay bar, the Stonewall Inn, setting off a three-day riot that launched the modern American gay rights movement. Lucian Truscott, IV, Reporter,The Village Voice:The mob raised its hand and said "Oh, we'll volunteer," you know, "We'll set up some gay bars and serve over-priced, watered-down drinks to you guys." The men's room was under police surveillance. have been published previously, Mr. Katz said. If there had been a riot of that proportion in Harlem, my God, you know, there'd have been cameras everywhere. Gay bars were to gay people what churches were to blacks in the South. And I ran into Howard Smith on the street,The Village Voicewas right there. It eats you up inside not being comfortable with yourself. Doug Cramer Leaflets in the 60s were like the internet, today. I really thought that, you know, we did it. Why We Remember Stonewall. June 28, 2019 The Stonewall Inn is a sacred place for many in the LGBTQ community. Stonewall Riots Document A: New York Daily News 1. Danny Garvin:Something snapped. It was as bad as any situation that I had met in during the army, had just as much to worry about. John O'Brien:If a gay man is caught by the police and is identified as being involved in what they called lewd, immoral behavior, they would have their person's name, their age and many times their home address listed in the major newspapers. That was scary, very scary. Ed Koch, Councilman, New York City:There were complaints from people who objected to the wrongful behavior of some gays who would have sex on the street. The Web site OutHistory.org has obtained police records from the start of the Stonewall In the Life Lucian Truscott, IV, Reporter,The Village Voice:It was a bottle club which meant that I guess you went to the door and you bought a membership or something for a buck and then you went in and then you could buy drinks. The police, a few prisoners and a Village Voice writer barricaded themselves in the bar, which the mob attempted to set on fire after breaching the barricade repeatedly. This produced an enormous amount of anger within the lesbian and gay community in New York City and in other parts of America. Dick Leitsch:We wore suits and ties because we wanted people, in the public, who were wearing suits and ties, to identify with us. But I'm wearing this police thing I'm thinking well if they break through I better take it off really quickly but they're gunna come this way and we're going to be backing up and -- who knows what'll happen. And, I did not like parading around while all of these vacationers were standing there eating ice cream and looking at us like we were critters in a zoo. But I gave it up about, oh I forget, some years ago, over four years ago. That's more an uprising than a riot. Heather Gude, Archival Research And it was those loudest people, the most vulnerable, the most likely to be arrested, were the ones that were doing the real fighting. %PDF-1.3 Queer was very big. You cut one head off. Jeremiah Hawkins WebChicago Race Riot in 1919, Tulsa Race Massacre 1921, Zoot Suite riot in 1943, riots in Newark and Detroit in 1967 and the LA Riots in 1995)(See Stonewall Riots, 1969). Jerry Hoose:I mean the riot squad was used to riots. It was the law. Accustomed to more passive behaviour, even from larger gay groups, the policemen called for reinforcements and barricaded themselves inside the bar while some 400 people rioted. Seven pages of records were released by the citys Police Department in response to a Freedom of Information Law request. That never happened before. And Vito and I walked the rest of the whole thing with tears running down our face. Black Night Brawl, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, August 5, 1961. Geoff Kole Library of Congress - The Stonewall Uprising of 1969, Columbia University - The Stonewall Riots, Stonewall riots - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). A Q-Ball Productions film for AMERICAN EXPERIENCE Early publications show that the LGBTQIA+ community largely did not use the term riot until years after the fact. We will continue to publish one item each weekday
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