Suppression of side reactions or by-product formation. During vacuum distillation, the pressure inside the distillation column is maintained at a vacuum to lower the temperature needed to vaporize the liquid. 1. In addition to a feed stream with two components, which is shown below in green, a solvent stream also enters the extractive unit, which is exemplified below in red. feed. You will be redirected once the validation is complete. In the system to the left, water is used to recover methanol from a drying operation. Karimi, S., Karri, R.R., Tavakkoli Yaraki, M. et al. AIP Publishing LLC, p. 020076. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5011933, Le NL, Wang Y, Chung T-S (2012) Synthesis, cross-linking modifications of 6FDA-NDA/DABA polyimide membranes for ethanol dehydration via pervaporation. The packing provides a large surface area for vapor-liquid contact, which increases the columns effectiveness. Careful pressure control is important because the separation is dependent on the differences in relative volatility at a given temperature and pressure. I found no good source for extractive distillation on the internet.So i decided to make one myself.This ppt discusses about the technology,its working and benefits.It compares extractive distillation side by side to azeotropic distillation and counts the advantages. without experimental data. We present the performance of the process, product recovery, and energy consumption of the pressure swing adsorption method, which is effective and widely used. forms no azeotrope with the other components in the mixture. relative volatility may be reversed by the addition of solvent is entirely a function of the As wc know, selection of (he most suitable solvent plays an important role in the economical design of extractive distillation. The Regents of the University of Michigan. because the volatility of the two components in the mixture is nearly the https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.025, Khalid A, Aslam M, Qyyum MA, Faisal A, Khan AL, Ahmed F, Lee M, Kim J, Jang N, Chang IS, Bazmi AA, Yasin M (2019) Membrane separation processes for dehydration of bioethanol from fermentation broths: recent developments, challenges, and prospects. It is known as a binary azeotrope because there are two miscible components in the mixture. Extractive distillation is the main way to separate ternary and multicomponent homogeneous azeotropic mixtures, such as the mixtures of acetone and methanol, 1 of ethanol and water 1,2 or . Stable at operating condition of both of column. Extractive Distillation Shanjul Shrivastava,MTech Chemical,HBTU5, solvent is added to the original feed mixture it forms a Side by Side Comparison Azeotropic vs Extractive Distillation in Tabular Form Therefore, the extractive distillation process in which the liquid solvent is used as the separating agent is called extractive distillation with liquid solvent. Moreover, the most important factor in selecting the solvents is relative volatility. 3. This solvent helps to change the relative volatilities of the components in the mixture. Types of packing include dumped, or random, packing and stacked packing. Shanjul Shrivastava,MTech Chemical,HBTUExtractive Distillation 11, Relative volatility is enhanced when the of the lower-boiling pure component is Note that, herein, the ionic liquids aren't included in the liquid solvents although they are in the liquid phase from room temperature to a higher temperature. However, it is a pity that when solid salt is used in industrial operation, dissolution, reuse and transport of salt is quite a problem. Ind Eng Chem Res 52:1442914440. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie2003297, Kissa AA, Suszwalak DJPC (2012) fficient bioethanol dehydration in azeotropic and extractive dividing-wall columns. Therefore, the application of RED for ternary . Hoffman, Azeotropic and extractive distillation. However, it should be cautious that one solvent with a tri-amine R3N. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 91:251265. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Life cycle energy and greenhouse gas emissions for an ethanol production process based on blue-green algae. In this paper, the latest research progress of azeotropic distillation technology in separation, synthesis and energy saving at home and abroad is reviewed. completely non-volatile, it remains in the liquid https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1021/es1007577, Miranda NT, Maciel Filho R, Maciel MRW (2020) Comparison of complete extractive and azeotropic distillation processes for anhydrous ethanol production using aspen plus TM simulator. commonly used to separate C4 mixture. The solvent is introduced into the extractive Terms of Use and Privacy Policy: Legal. Azeotropic distillation separates the component from the vapor phase whereas extractive distillation separates the component from a matrix of substances. Pham, M.F. If reaction is exothermic, heat expelled can be used for reboiler. What is the Difference Between HMI and SCADA? Available here From this viewpoint, it is environment-friendly. The bottoms The remainder is the solvent and the other component (in the binary mixture). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2018.03.004, Zhu Z, Xu D, Jia H, Zhao Y, Wang Y (2017) Heat integration and control of a triple-column pressure-swing distillation process. CAS Distillation is one of the most common liquid-liquid separation processes in industry, and can be carried out in a continuous or batch system. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1999: 631-636. The second liquid, which is rich in component two, is sent to a second column. The Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy industries (IHI) company in Japan has developed a process for isopropanol production from aqueous solution using the solid salt, calcium chloride, as the azeotrope-breaking agent. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. This bottoms product is recycled back to the first column. Humphrey, Jimmy L. Separation Processes: Playing a Critical Role. Chemical Engineering Process October 1995. Distillation 17 By comparing these two processes, you can see their differences. Both of them also use a certain separating solvent to help in the process. Plastic packings have sufficient strength but experience poor wettability at low liquid flow rates. Although packed bed columns are used most often for absorption, they are also used for the distillation of vapor-liquid mixtures. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01046-1, Pienaar C, Schwarz CE, Knoetze JH, Burger AJ (2013) Vaporliquidliquid equilibria measurements for the dehydration of ethanol, isopropanol, and n-propanol via azeotropic distillation using DIPE and isooctane as entrainers. subcritical components- Bubble cap trays are the most advanced and expensive of the three trays and are highly effective in some low liquid flow rate situations. Azeotropic and extractive distillation ppt 1, South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences, Introduction to multicomponent distillation, LEACHING CONCEPT, TECHNIQUE AND SINGLE AND MULTISTAGE LEACHING, Distillation: steam distillation and azeotropic distillation, Advantages of Liquid Liquid Extraction System, Extractive Distillation for Product Recovery and Purification. Outside air is pumped in and is liquefied cryogenically. There are many types of distillation techniques, simple distillation being the simplest type. Chem. Biosystem Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-111, Tehran, Iran, Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam, Research and Development Department, DiviGas Pte. No rectification section is needed above the salt Distillation: still towering over other options. Chemical Engineering Progress October 1995: 43-52. If the binary mixture has two components with relatively similar boiling points, then these components cannot be separated by simple distillation. gum from the individual hair https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2011.01.032, Zhang Y, Le NL, Chung T-S, Wang Y (2014) Thin-film composite membranes with modified polyvinylidene fluoride substrate for ethanol dehydration via pervaporation. Castillo, D.Y.C. 990-1168. production of concentrated nitric acid as an alternative to the sulfuric acid solvent S.B.Thakore & B.I.Bhatt, process engineering and design p.p. Enzyme Microb Technol 127:4349. Many variables, such as column pressure, temperature, size, and diameter are determined by the properties of the feed and the desired products. For many years, extractive https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19960305)49:5%3c504::AID-BIT3%3e3.0.CO;2-N, Mulia-Soto JF, Flores-Tlacuahuac A (2011) Modeling, simulation and control of an internally heat integrated pressure-swing distillation process for bioethanol separation. The vapor stream flows upward through the packing, picks up the more volatile components, exits the column, and enters a condenser. Remark After the feed mixture enters the column, as the green arrows in the animation below demonstrate, liquid flows down the column through the packing countercurrently and contacts the rising vapor stream. They are shown on the edges of the trays in the picture below to the left, and their effect is demonstrated in the picture below to the right. Minimal loss of oxygenated components maximum yield as compared to water distillation. To Renew Sust Energy Rev 65:756769. This animation shows how a typical system works. liquid solvents is often small, the role of solid salts in improving the separation ability is Extractive distillation (ED) is one of the most promising approaches for the separation of the azeotropic or close-boiling mixtures in the chemical industry. In terms of the mechanism of reactive extractive distillation, the following criteria should be satisfied in order to make ensure that this method can be implemented. These columns can be used to separate water-ethanol mixtures. Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology. The methanol-acetone azeotrope at 1 atm is used as an example. The reaction product (here as R3NH+ OOCCH3) is used as carrier to carry the separated materials back and forth. Improve control of cryogenic gas plants. Hydrocarbon Processing May 1991: 109-111. 692, 277284. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Engineering Mathematics for GATE & ESE (Prelims) 2021 Theory & Previous Year Solved Questions, Powered by - Designed with theHueman theme, Figure 2 : PFD for Azeotropic Distillation Unit, Figure 3 : Molecular Sieve Setup for liquid hydrous ethanol, Figure 4 : BFD of benzene extraction plant, Figure 5 : PFD for Extractive distillation, Reasoning & Aptitude for GATE & ESE (Prelims) 2019 Theory and Previous Year Solved Questions, GATE STUDY NOTES (Mechanical Engineering), https://www.vogelbusch-biocommodities.com/, Factors Affecting The Operation Of Distillation Column, Piping and Instrumentation Diagram P&ID. Can be used for mixtures with close-boiling components that cannot be distilled using simple distillation techniques. It is found that a little of solid salt added to ACN can 16(12), 1121 (1971), E.J. At this pressure the original azeotrope is broken and separation can take place, resulting in the second component, shown in yellow, as a distillate and an azeotropic bottoms stream of different composition, shown in aqua. doomed to be limited. This indicates that chemical reaction between HAc and R3N indeed takes place. The system must operate at temperatures below -150C. https://doi.org/10.1081/SS-100100762, Kraemer K, Harwardt A, Skiborowski M, Mitra S, Marquardt W (2011) Shortcut-based design of multicomponent heteroazeotropic distillation. Out of thin air. Chemical Engineering June 1991: 36-42. Chem Eng Trans 65:7378. The reactive-extractive distillation (RED) has the advantages of combining the beneficial features of both reaction and separation processes. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2018.09.019, Article The first column operates at a specific pressure that separates the first component, shown in blue, as a distillate from an azeotropic mixture bottoms stream, shown in green. https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.15227, Zhang J, Liu W (2011) Thin porous metal sheet-supported NaA zeolite membrane for water/ethanol separation. Korean J Chem Eng 15:2836. Res. Gallun, M.J. Lockett, Modeling azeotropic and extractive distillations. Adsorption 11:697701. Ind Eng Chem Res 48:92479260, Singh A, da Cunha S, Rangaiah G (2019) Heat-pump assisted distillation versus double-effect distillation for bioethanol recovery followed by pressure swing adsorption for bioethanol dehydration. . Advantages and Disadvantages In heterogeneous azeotropic mixtures with miscibility gap, the different concentrations in both liquid phases are utilized for the separation. This kind of method is usually used for mixtures with almost the same volatility. and ethylenediamine are added to it. PubMedGoogle Scholar. After the vapor condenses, the stream enters a reflux drum, where it is split into an overhead product stream, known as the distillate, and a reflux stream that is recycled back to the column. Technique In extractive distillation process, there is no need to form an azeotrope. 890895. This reaction may be reversible because weak acid (acetic acid) and weak base (tributylamine) are used as reactants. Hydrocarbon Process. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Copyright 2010-2018 Difference Between. Extractive Distillation : Technology & Advantages. The number of trays for azeotropic distillation is fewer than that for ordinary distillation. Bubble Cap Tray Vapor Turndown. The further proof of reversible reaction is supported by investigating the chemical equilibrium constant. extractive column. 519, Tata-Mc Graw-Hill. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01024-7, Book same, causing them to vaporize at nearly the same temperature at a https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-0777-9, Hua C, Li X, Xu S, Bai P (2007) Design and operation of batch extractive distillation with two reboilers. Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook. Chem. The process involves a solvent with a very low volatility as the solvent of the component mixture.
www.processingmagazine.com is using a security service for protection against online attacks. requires higher solvent-to-feed ratios. By the way, volatility is the capacity of the substance to vaporize. Environmental Chemistry Letters 1. separated contain one or more different functional groups. Easily separable from the bottom product. This azeotrope can be a complicated way of separating the mixture because it cannot be easily changed by just a simple distillation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.003, Novita FJ, Lee H-Y, Lee M (2018) Energy-efficient and ecologically friendly hybrid extractive distillation using a pervaporation system for azeotropic feed compositions in alcohol dehydration process. Moreover, since solid salt isn't volatile, it can't be entrained into the product. For example, extractive distillation units are used in pulp-making processes. In a distillation, a liquid is boiled in the "distilling flask," then the vapors travel to another section of the apparatus where they come into contact with a cool surface. The unabsorbed @media (max-width: 1171px) { .sidead300 { margin-left: -20px; } }
https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170602, Xu S, Wang Y (2015) Novel thermally cross-linked polyimide membranes for ethanol dehydration via pervaporation. Prog Energy Combust Sci 67:275291. The relative volatility of C4 mixture to 1,3-butadiene at 50C, Process Of Recovered Ipa Distillation In Distillation Columns Columns. Difference Between Polyurethane and Polycrylic, Difference Between Perspex and Polycarbonate, Difference Between Polyester Resin and Epoxy Resin, Difference Between Subcritical and Supercritical Boiler, Difference Between Hot Working and Cold Working. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.06.011, Delgado JA, Uguina MA, Sotelo JL, gueda VI, Garca A, Roldn A (2012) Separation of ethanolwater liquid mixtures by adsorption on silicalite. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14:578597. Azeotropic distillation separates a component into the vapor phase which has the same chemical composition as in the liquid phase. process, and calcium chloride to produce anhydrous hydrogen chloride. separated in a second column whereby toluene Some reviews and books have studied extractive distillation for separating azeotropes in terms of theoretical calculation of the column and application of extractive distillation [72], [73].For example, Luyben and Chien [74] contributed to the knowledge of extraction by analyzing a phase diagram, the operating mode, and dynamic control. :- The process consists of three or more columns operating at different pressures. Distillation is a widely used method for separating mixtures based on differences in the conditions required to change the phase of components of the mixture. Difficult to process? Pressure swing distillation is a multi-column process that exploits the effect of pressure on the composition of many azeotropes. (a) The chemical reaction is reversible. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.02.002, Khuong L, Masjuki H, Zulkifli N, Mohamad EN, Kalam M, Alabdulkarem A, Arslan A, Mosarof M, Syahir A, Jamshaid M (2017) Effect of gasolinebioethanol blends on the properties and lubrication characteristics of commercial engine oil. This new mixture has a much higher boiling point than the other Renew Sust Energy Rev 107:535553. 371-458. Chem Eng Res Design 146:391403. Chem Eng Technol: Ind Chem-Plant Equip-Process Eng-Biotechnol 17:365373. 4.76 and 10.87 respectively. It is found that chemical equilibrium constant is small, about 0.02 under the operation condition of the extractive distillation column. This process is automatic. Ind Eng Chem Res 53:16061616. Energy 144:10131025. In extractive distillation, a specific separation solvent is used in every mixture that should not form an azeotrope. The column operation dictates the separation of reactants and products. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118493441.ch19, Simo M, Sivashanmugam S, Brown CJ, Hlavacek V (2009) Adsorption/desorption of water and ethanol on 3A zeolite in near-adiabatic fixed bed. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65712-8, Iqbal A, Ahmad SA (2016) Pressure swing distillation of azeotropic mixture A simulation study. the example of ethanol-water, noted that benzene is the entrainer. Air separation is one of the main uses of cryogenic distillation. 19 shows the equilibrium data for the ternary system of water (1) + acetic acid (2) + tributylamine (3), plotted on a tributylamin free basis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pisc.2016.01.001, Jambo SA, Abdulla R, Mohd Azhar SH, Marbawi H, Gansau JA, Ravindra P (2016) A review on third generation bioethanol feedstock. The two feed streams react in this zone. When the boiling point of mixture is very close to each other then Azeotropic distillation is used. This salt-based extractive distillation has shown a substantial reduction in energy consumption, besides high performance. The feed enters a plate column towards the middle of the column. 4 (the process of extractive distillation with liquid solvent). But when phenol is added to this mixture, the boiling point of iso-octane increases. The condensate of heterogeneous azeotropes have a mixture gap so that the distillate separates into two liquid phases with different compositions which can be separated by decantation. Simulation and design of columns is difficult. The Secret to Successfully Making and Baking Bread, It can be seen from the above that the higher the valence of metal ion is, the more obvious the salt effect is. It can be easily removed by distillation so that the separating agent (here as tributylamine) can be regenerated and recycled. Avoid degradation of properties of some species at high temperatures. Fig. In a 7300 tonnes per year plant, IHI reported a capital cost of only 56%, and an energy requirement of only 45% of those for the benzene process [44, 45]. -2.17 kJ mol"1. In a typical cold box, a nitrogen rejector cryogenically distills out nitrogen from a feed gas using two trays or packed distillation columns. compositions in the column. Energies 10:1276. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10091276, Carmo MJ, Gubulin JC (2002) Ethanol-water separation in the PSA Process. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.112, Cui Y, Shi X, Guang C, Zhang Z, Wang C, Wang C (2019) Comparison of pressure-swing distillation and heterogeneous azeotropic distillation for recovering benzene and isopropanol from wastewater. Large column diameters are needed for the process to be efficient. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2014.07.040, Zhao C, Jiang Z, Zhao J, Cao K, Zhang Q, Pan F (2014) High pervaporation dehydration performance of the composite membrane with an ultrathin alginate/poly (acrylic acid)Fe3O4 active layer. Processes and separation technologies for the production of fuel-grade bioethanol: a review. In azeotropic distillation method, a new component (known as the entrainer) is added to the azeotropic mixture in order to form a new azeotrope that boils at a lower temperature than the existing azeotrope. Your email address will not be published. Advantages and Disadvantages All these are covered in this chapter. Distillation is the process of purifying a liquid by a process of heating and cooling. Curr Opin Green Sustain Chem 14:5359. The heat causes components with lower boiling points and higher volatility to be vaporized, leaving less volatile components as liquids. Distillation. Encyclopedia of Separation Science. The nitrogen can be bled off into the atmosphere or stored in cryogenic storage tanks. 3.2. Difference between Pressure Relief Valve and Pressure Safety Valve, Thermocompressor (Steam Jet Thermocompressor), Azeotropic distillation is used to break the. Summers, D. (2018, February). U of Michigan. This makes separations of close-boiling and azeotropic feeds difficult, so special distillation techniques have to be used to separate these mixtures. Technol. In this method, an entrainer is used to trap particles in the current to separate the azeotrope. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.04.067, Anderson J, DiCicco D, Ginder J, Kramer U, Leone T, Raney-Pablo H, Wallington T (2012) High octane number ethanolgasoline blends: quantifying the potential benefits in the United States. Q J Chem Soc 12:128151. Martin, Guide to predict azeotropes. The products are less volatile, which fall down and exit the bottom stream as a liquid. 3. After the feed mixture enters the column, which is demonstrated by the green arrows in the animation below, liquid flows down the column and across the trays in either crossflow or countercurrent flow. Temperature needed for highest reaction rate isnt usually the temperature needed for distillation. Usually, the certain component added into the mixture is water or benzene, because these can help in increasing the volatility of a substance. Lei et al. Chem Eng Technol 43:12401248. The distillate is condensed and sent to a decanter, where it is separated into two liquids: One is rich in component one and is returned to the first column, as the blue recycle stream exemplifies. Ceramic packings have a higher wettability than metal packings, but they are not as strong. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.063, Filote C, Santos SC, Popa VI, Botelho CM, Volf I (2020) Biorefinery of marine macroalgae into high-tech bioproducts: a review. In effect, using azeotropic solvents allows us to trap and concentrate the contamination by distillation instead of using filters and membranes and such. The absence of azeotropes plus the fact that the solvent can be Google Scholar, Alptekin E, Canakci M, Ozsezen AN, Turkcan A, Sanli H (2015) Using waste animal fat based biodieselsbioethanoldiesel fuel blends in a DI diesel engine. The azeotropic bottoms stream is fed into a second column that operates at a different pressure. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-00999-7, Tajallipour M, Niu C, Dalai A (2013) Ethanol Dehydration in a Pressure Swing Adsorption Process Using Canola Meal. In the extractive unit, an organic solvent separates cellulose from lignin. components will be unity or close to unity. BUT, if you introduce a Renew Sustain Energy Rev 117:109479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109479, Ramaswamy S, Huang H-J, Ramarao BV (2013) Separation and purification technologies in biorefineries. Distillation Now. The Chemical Engineer November 1985: 26-30. Addition of phenol (bp 181.4 oC) results in the 6. Extractive distillation with liquid solvent, 3.2.1. The ions of a solid salt are typically capable of causing much large effects than the molecules of a liquid agent, both in the strength of attractive forces they can exert on feed component molecules, and in the degree of selectivity exerted. Shanjul Shrivastava,MTech Chemical,HBTUExtractive Distillation 15. So the chemical reaction between HAc and R3N may be reversible. [4] reviewed extractive distillation and . Korean J Chem Eng 26:11061111. This method of distillation is applied in situations with heat-sensitive products, liquids with low viscosities, and liquids that tend to foul or foam. Otherwise, the separation process will be complicated and some extra equipment may be added, which results in no economy of this technique. Comment document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "a08b4502804973f9150a2c56f7bc98cc" );document.getElementById("abb3b872df").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); Notify me of followup comments via e-mail, July 1, 2013 3 comments. 35(10), 15851591 (1989), You can also search for this author in RSC Adv 7:1500515019. Vacuum it! Chemical Engineering September 1997: 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02705302, Chaudhari S, Kwon Y, Moon M, Shon M, Nam S, Park Y (2017) Poly (vinyl alcohol) and poly (vinyl amine) blend membranes for isopropanol dehydration. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813766-6.00003-5, Mood SH, Golfeshan AH, Tabatabaei M, Jouzani GS, Najafi GH, Gholami M, Ardjmand M (2013) Lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol, a comprehensive review with a focus on pretreatment. Fabrication and characterization of electrochemically prepared bioanode (polyaniline/ferritin/glucose oxidase) for biofuel cell application. The possibility that the expected Azeotropic distillation has a very big advantage over the others as it is a very energy efficient process. What is Distributed Control Systems (DCS) ? Kunesh, John G. et al. Major industries, especially pharmaceuticals, are making use of these techniques to further improve their research. The unreacted materials are carried overhead as the distillate stream, while the less volatile MTBE product is removed as the bottoms. In extractive distillations, the volatility of the light boiling component is increased using a washing medium in order to improve the separation. It integrates the advantages of liquid solvent (easy operation) and solid salt (high Extractive distillation is an effective separation technique for azeotrope mixtures or close boiling point mixture. sat (that is, a L H) < 1 .Generally, the latter is more difficult to achieve and components throughout the range of Bravo, Jose L. and James K. Fair. Shanjul Shrivastava,MTech Chemical,HBTUExtractive Distillation 9, distillation and Extractive distillation Extractive distillation is a distillation technique wherein the capability of mixing or miscibility, the component of being non-volatile, and even a high boiling point, could be the measurement of separating a mixture without even forming an azeotrope. This type of mixture cannot be separated into components by simple distillation since all the components have the same boiling point. separation ability). Must be higher-boiling than the key components of the separation and must be relatively non-
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