All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Schroeder and colleagues found that school nurses are well positioned to deliver nutritional counseling, design and coordinate physical activity interventions, and educate parents, students, and staff on health, nutrition, and fitness [26]. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, The vast majority of providers and health systems utilize some form of computerized patient records. This overview primarily found evidence for special research interventions, suggesting a need for assessment of routinely-delivered school health services. Each of these three assessment tools allows users to analyze the comprehensiveness of the policies, programs, and infrastructure in place to address student and staff health. Automated Records Management. Julia Levinson, Every business we know is rapidly moving away from paper, as proven by online transactions, grocery stores, doctor's offices, gas stations, and airlines. Make the most of doctor visits. Table D. Classification of primary studies within included systematic reviews for use in corrected covered area calculation. However, the degree of overlap across all 20 SRs was graded as being small (CCA = 1), while there was high overlap in SRs on mood disorders (CCA = 11). The search strategy was developed for PubMed and then adapted for the other four databases. The 20 SRs covered eight health areas: nine on mental health [19,23,24,28,29,3234,36], four on oral health [18,25,27,30], two on asthma [31,37], and one SR each on sleep [20]; obesity [26]; vision [21]; menstrual management [22]; and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) [35]. More than half of included SRs analyzed mental health and oral health interventions, and no SRs were found that assessed other relevant health areas, such as vaccinations, communicable diseases, injuries, etc. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. When used properly, EHRs have the potential to "maximize quality, decrease cost, and prevent errors, as well as promote the interoperability of school health records with providers in other care settings." School nurses might use an EHR for: Tracking student health trends Ensuring health documentation is secure and compliant broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. There is potential to analyze this data at both the individual and population level to understand the links between health and education as well as the links between health interventions and outcomes. This overview found only one SR that assessed obesity treatment and prevention delivered by a health professional in schools, despite the fact that over 340 million school-age children and adolescents were overweight or obese in 2016 [46]. Only one of the 20 SRs included in this overview examined studies from a majority of LMIC and LIC [22,38]. Although all SRs were included if at least 50% of the primary studies within them fulfilled all inclusion criteria, SRs where closer to 100% of primary studies fulfilled all criteria were considered to be better matched than those with closer to 50%. Saving Lives, Protecting People, School Health Index: A Self-Assessment and Planning Guide, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors and Academic Grades, Tobacco Product Use Behaviors and Academic Grades, Other Health Behaviors and Academic Grades, Characteristics of an Effective Curriculum, Tips for Promoting School Employee Wellness, Physical Education Curriculum Analysis Tool, Health Education Curriculum Analysis Tool (HECAT), Body Mass Index (BMI) Measurement in Schools, Inclusive School Physical Education and Physical Activity, Physical Activity Before and After School, What School Nutrition Professionals Need to Know About COVID-19, Modifying School Spaces During Mealtimes to Reduce Spread of COVID-19, Supporting Students with Chronic Health Conditions in School-Based OST Programs, Healthy and Supportive School Environments, Strategies to Create a Healthy and Supportive School Environment, Strategies to Help Parents and Families Create Healthy and Supportive School Environments, How Families Can Support Student Health and Emotional Well-being, Toolkit for Schools: Engaging Parents to Support Student Health and Emotional Well-being, Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), School Health Policies and Practices Study (SHPPS), e-Learning Series: Training Tools for Healthy Schools, Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program, Guide to Evaluating Professional Development, Understanding the Training of Trainers Model, Professional Development Follow-Up Support, How to Build a Training Cadre: A Step-by-Step Process, Guide to Promoting Professional Development, Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC), Encourage healthy eating in school and at home, Dental Sealants Can Improve Students Oral Health, Give Your Kids a Healthy Body and Mind This Summer, Engaging Parents to Promote Healthy Schools, Funded Nongovernmental Organizations for Healthy Schools, BAM! While results from primary studies were statistically significant in both SRs, heterogeneity of interventions precluded meta-analysis by Walter and colleagues [37] and no reason was given for why meta-analysis was not performed by Geryk and colleagues [31]. School nurses also maintain health records on students who fall outside the typical health care provider systems and whose only source of care may be the school nurse. Eleven of the SRs used meta-analysis to combine results [1828], whereas the remaining nine SRs narratively synthesized results [2937]. Advancement in the use of EHRs occurred with the passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, which provides incentives for p Copyright: 2019 Levinson et al. Citations identified from the systematic search were uploaded to Covidence systematic review software [12] and duplicates were automatically deleted. To convey to the teacher the results of the examination in such terms as to be useful to her in guiding the physical and mental growth of her . The four SRs that included PRP found mixed evidence [34] or no evidence of effectiveness [19,24,28,39], bringing the popularity of this intervention into question. The need for quality health care for519-year-olds is great, but globally the quality ofhealth services for them are variable and coverageis limited. There were no date restrictions on publication of included SRs. In another four SRs, 75% to 99% of included studies fulfilled all the inclusion criteria [21,26,30,37]. This overview and the upcoming WHO guideline will specifically address school health services delivered by health providers. The SRs were written in English and published between 2006 and 2018. Web Annex B. In the remaining twelve SRs, 50% to 74% of included studies fulfilled all the inclusion criteria [19,20,2225,28,31,32,3436]. The World Health Organization (WHO) launched the Global School Health Initiative in 1995 with the goal to improve child, adolescent and community health through health promotion and programming in schools [1]. The authors found improvements in classroom behavior, symptoms of ODD, and symptoms of SAD [33]. School health services staff also are responsible for coordinating care by communicating with the students family and health care providers so that they can stay healthy and ready to learn. This lag may preclude the ability for an overview to truly reflect current knowledge [13]. Thus, responsibility for interventions may need to be redistributed in countries with limited access to health professionals. The information can then be used for policy development, planning, and school improvement efforts. From the limited amount of information available in existing systematic reviews, the strongest evidence supports implementation of anxiety prevention programs, indicated asthma education, and vision screening with provision of free spectacles. Kavanagh and colleagues examined depression and anxiety group counseling programs based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and found statistically significant reductions of depressive symptoms at both four weeks and three months follow-up [24,39]. SRs on oral health interventions focused on prevention [25,30], screening [18], and education [27,30] (Table 3E). Tips for Selecting an Electronic Documentation System, Healthcare Information and Management Systems(HIMSS), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services: Health Information Privacy, Your Rights Under HIPAA. Additionally, at least 94 countries or territories include some form of school health services that are routinely delivered, as opposed to special research interventions [9]. division of school health school health record name: last, first, middle birthdate: month, day, year gender: male female father's name: last, first, middle . Systematic reviews of intervention studies that evaluated school-based or school-linked health services delivered by a health provider were included. Arora and colleagues did not find any RCTs that looked at the effectiveness of dental health screening versus no screening on improving oral health outcomes, but their search did locate six RCTs from the United Kingdom and India with dental care attendance as the outcome [18]. Click to Enlarge | PDF [PDF 466 KB] | JPEG | PNG. In addition, school health data provides the potential to determine the most effective interventions to support the well being of children. Table E. AMSTAR 2 checklist with designations of critical and non-critical. The School plays a very important role in health education and promotion at the crucial stage of childhood and adolescence. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Figure 1 shows how school health services uses various methods to support students. methodology and select findings, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex C. Systematic overview of systematic reviews of comprehensive school health services: methodology and select findings, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex D. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness and acceptability of comprehensive school health services: methodology, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex E. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness and acceptability of comprehensive school health services: evidence summaries, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex F. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness and acceptability of comprehensive school health services: GRADE evidence profiles and evidence-to-decision table, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex G. Survey of expert opinion on school health services: methodology and select findings, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex H. Menu of interventions with WHO resources, Maternal, Newborn, Child & Adolescent Health & Ageing. This overview presents multiple effective interventions that may be offered as a part of school health services delivered by a health provider. Another important gap that this overview reveals is a lack of research on interventions carried out in LMIC and low-income countries (LIC). Additionally, reference lists of included articles were scanned for any relevant SRs. The Institute of Medicine (2003) has indicated that EHRs should support delivery of patient care, be key evidence-based data points, improve patient safety, improve efficiency, facilitate management of chronic health conditions, provide outcome analysis, and share data across settings. A SR and meta-analysis by Bastounis and colleagues on the educational and preventative Penn Resiliency Program (PRP) and its derivatives found small, non-significant effect sizes for the prevalence of both depression and anxiety, favoring the intervention in the former and the control in the latter [19]. Suggested citation: National Association of School Nurses. Geryk and colleagues found that education on correct use of an inhaler improved inhaler technique, regardless of deliverer, method, or duration of the intervention [31]. The Healthy School Report Card is already aligned with the schools improvement process. It is unclear if this finding indicates a lack of primary studies on comprehensive or multi-component school health services, or if primary studies do exist but no SR has been conducted. Because all three school health assessments are based on best practices and focus on known youth health risks, many of the assessment items are similar. Table F. Answers to AMSTAR 2 checklist questions 116. Five databases were searched through June 2018. Copyright 2022 webdev. Characteristics of included systematic reviews. About eight-in-ten U.S. murders in 2021 - 20,958 out of 26,031, or 81% - involved a firearm. As part of the records types, the academic records are known as an important asset for . Investing in a school management system is perhaps one of the easiest and most effective ways quickest ways institutions make the best sense of student data. SRs were included in this overview if at least 50% of the studies within the SR fulfilled the following criteria: (a) participants were children (ages 59) or adolescents (ages 1019) enrolled in schools; (b) interventions were school-based or school-linked health services, involved a health provider (see definitions in S1 Appendix), and were of any duration or length of follow-up; (c) intervention effectiveness was compared to either no intervention, an alternative intervention, the same intervention in a different setting (i.e. Results from this overview suggest that certain interventions can be effective in improving child and adolescent health outcomes, and thus may be worthwhile for integration into school health programs. Silver Spring, MD: Author. not in schools), an active control, or a waitlist control; (d) interventions aimed to improve one or more health outcomes, as defined by the SR authors; and (e) study designs were either randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-experimental studies (QEs), or other non-randomized intervention studies. Any of these three school health assessments will be helpful in data-driven decision making and action planning. Walter and colleagues found that family asthma educational programs for children and their parents or caregivers improved quality of life for both caregivers and children, and decreased asthma exacerbations for children [37]. Due to the diversity in outcome measures and intervention intensities, the authors felt unable to make any evidence-based recommendations [30]. Given that FRIENDS has been endorsed by WHO [44] and was found to be effective in decreasing anxiety symptoms in all four SRs where it was mentioned in this overview [28,32,34,39], policy makers and school health officials may consider incorporating this or similar programs into existing school health services. The school nurse will be an integral member of a child's larger healthcare team, assuring implementation of the plan of care and providing timely information from the school health record about student response to care. e0212603. Meaningful use (MU) of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) is an important development in the safety and security of health care delivery in the United States. Only three SRs [18,21,25] were scored as having moderate levels of confidence and just one [30] was given a high level of confidence. However, it should be noted that these SRs found mixed evidence of maintenance of effects over time [28,32,34,39]. Finally, overlap of primary trials between SRs can bias results of an overview [15]. 570 were duplicates, leaving 1150 titles and abstracts to be screened. Any existing overviews or SRs of SRs that emerged from the searches were not themselves included, but the SRs within them were extracted and screened. Maintaining Student Records One of your essential duties as a teacher is to maintain student records. In addition to these criteria for included studies, the SRs themselves had to fulfill the following criteria: (a) included the words systematic review in the title or abstract; (b) outlined inclusion criteria within the methods section; (c) published in peer-reviewed journals and indexed before June 15, 2018; (d) published in the English language. That marked the highest percentage since at least 1968, the earliest year for which the CDC has online records. implementation guidance calls for the prioritization of school health programs as an important step towards universal health coverage and urges that Every school should be a health promoting school [10]. For more detailed information on how to coordinate these assessments, contact the three organizations by going to the Web sites listed at the end of this document. Similarly, some states require portions of the Healthy School Report Card to be completed. Today, electronic patient records are the accepted norm. In 1995, WHO launched the Global School Health Initiative, which aimed to strengthen approaches to health promotion in schools. Schools in states or districts with assessment requirements might find it beneficial to add parts of another assessment tool process to enhance their work. Meta-analysis found small but statistically significant effect sizes in favor of music therapy for gestural communication, verbal communication, and behavioral problems [23]. Kid Kohl, The corrected covered area (CCA) was found to be 1, indicating only slight overlap between the 20 SRs. A meta-analysis of two studies on sanitary pad provision found a moderate but statistically non-significant effect on school attendance. One reviewer (JL) extracted summary data from each selected article using a customized standard form with independent data extraction performed for 15% of included SRs by one of the other reviewers (DR or KK). The final two items in the four-item checklist are (3) date of publication to ensure that results are up-to-date, and (4) matching of the scope to confirm that primary studies within SRs are relevant to the overview. 1654 references were screened and 20 systematic reviews containing 270 primary studies were assessed narratively. Quality appraisal of primary studies within included systematic reviews. The school sends you reports that tell you how your child is doing in school and what the school is doing for him. In addition, school-age childrenand adolescents have positive physical, sexual,psychosocial and neurocognitive health anddevelopment needs as they progress from childhoodto adulthood. Schools are considered to be an ideal platform for oral health promotion through education, services, and the school environment [6]. The CCA is calculated using three variables: the number of index publications (r), the number of total publications (N), and the number of SRs within the overview (c).