When Spinney performed Big Bird, a second puppeteer operated Oscar to Spinney's vocals. One famous example is Episode 4109, which introduces Abby Cadabby to the cast. Meet the man inside Big Bird 03:01. . He later explained why in an interview for The New Yorker: Look magazine had an article on us in 1970. Corrections? His hopes are raised again in the 8th season premiere when he sees all of Big Bird's human friends in the courtyard discussing what to do. [12] When Big Bird's performer is performing on location and cannot get a video feed, a small hole is made in the costume to allow him to see. Spinney could not see outside the suit, though a small television monitor inside the chest showed him a cameras-eye view of himself. That didn't happen in an episode of Sesame Street. The back of Mr. Snuffleupagus has been performed by Richard Hunt, Brian Muehl, Frank Kane, and Peter Friedman, but since 1979, the regular back-end has been Bryant Young. His personality developed over time from being a dim, slow-witted character into the childlike innocence he is known for today. "[22], Barack Obamas campaign later released a satirical advertisement in which Romney described Big Bird as an "evil genius" and "a menace to our economy", and depicted Romney as more concerned with cracking down on Big Bird than on white collar criminals such as Bernie Madoff and Ken Lay. In Episode 4618, during the song "You're the Mom for Me," Big Bird gives a bouquet of paper flowers to Nina, whom he considers a surrogate mom. [33][34] The short was nominated for an Emmy Award later that year. Snuffy runs the NYC marathon in Episode 1836. The Muppeteers left hand serves as the Birds left wing, while the right wing is stuffed and hangs loosely from a fishing line that runs through a loop under the neck and attaches to the wrist of the left hand. Sesame Street Presents Follow That Bird (1985) Official Trailer - Big Bird, Chevy Chase MovieSubscribe to CLASSIC TRAILERS: http://bit.ly/1u43jDeSubscribe to. For many years, his best friend Mr. Snuffleupagus (who Big Bird calls Snuffy) was deemed as imaginary by the adults on Sesame Street. By the 7th season premiere (in which the street residents' skepticism even makes newspaper headlines), Snuffy is so used to people not seeing him that he counts everyone who doesn't notice him. Officially performed by Caroll Spinney since 1969, he is an eight-foot two-inch tall bright yellow bird. Spinney continued to provide Big Bird's voice on the series for seasons 46 and 47, as well as select commercials, online videos, and the special Once Upon a Sesame Street Christmas. Despite this wide array of talents, he is prone to frequent misunderstandings, on one occasion even singing the alphabet as one long word (from the song called "ABC-DEF-GHI," pronounced /bkdfidklmnpkwrstuvwksz/), pondering what it could mean. Big Bird was designed by a drawing from Jim Henson and built by Kermit Love in 1969. But despite this wide array of talents, he's prone to frequent misunderstandings, like thinking that the alphabet is one long word. Spinney reprised his role as Oscar the Grouch in Night at the Museum sequel, Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian in a cameo appearance next to Darth Vader. Snuffy can be heard in some tracks on the 1972 album Havin' Fun with Ernie and Bert, yet none of the other Muppets acknowledge his presence. The impossibly cute and ultra ticklish Elmo was originally a very minor character on the show, but then became extremely popular among viewers. Turns out people like you best that way, anyway. Please visit Special:Community to learn how you can contribute. [3]. From 1971 his best friend was Snuffleupagus, a large four-legged puppet who resembles a woolly mammoth. Can You Tell Me How to Get to Sesame Street? At the time he was still considered by others as Big Bird's "imaginary" friend. Listen to Big Birds wisdom and start cooperatingtoday. A second puppeteer, concealed behind the puppet, helps Big Bird hold Radar during filming of a Sesame Street scene. Linda (Linda Bove) then suggests that Big Bird introduce Snuffy to everyone one by one. 11. [1], After he graduated from Acton High School (subsequently Acton-Boxborough Regional High School) in Acton, Massachusetts, Spinney served in the U.S. Air Force. After President Joe Biden responded in support, U.S. [2] He also performed Big Bird when he appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1969 and on Hollywood Squares in the 1970s. @EricaRHill An eight-foot two-inch (249 cm) tall bright yellow anthropomorphic bird, [6] [7] he can roller skate, ice skate, dance, swim, sing, write poetry, draw, and ride a unicycle. Jerry Nelson was the first to play the character. Marshmallow or Mr. There was actually a previous iteration of the monster, called "Gleep," who appeared in the first season and was nicknamed "Fuzzyface" and "The Hairy One.". [8] When Big Bird's nest was destroyed in a hurricane in 2001, Big Bird called Granny for advice about building a new nest.[9]. He had two older brothers Bruce and Glenn. In euismod, purus quis tempor pellentesque, ligula quam pretium erat, at malesuada augue libero idtortor. Simon, Ellen. The six-year-old resides at 123 1/2 Sesame Street, and has been a fixture on the program since its 1969 debut. Morbi non risus ornare urna scelerisque dignissim. I had no idea! In one episode during his debut season, it is revealed that Snuffy is afraid of fruit. But the reasons for giving it up were because at that time we were doing The Muppet Show and he was a real part of the show, and they needed his presence. Despite his imposing stature, Big Bird has a childlike personality. [citation needed]Big Birds body suit weighs ten pounds, and his head weighs four pounds. He appears similar to Big Bird, but he is green. They are stunned, then cautiously approach, and Big Bird does an "I told you so" routine. Big Bird. So it's a good thing the world's most famous 8-ft.-tall canary (8 and change, actually) knows his way around a set. Phasellus eleifend gravida metus, ut luctus diam iaculis vitae. [36] Published on YouTube on February 19, 2015, the video shows Spinney sitting in a dressing room with a poster of Big Bird behind him. He has a compulsive love of counting, and will count anything regardless of size, amount, or how much it annoys the people around him. Throughout the 1960s, he performed on the Boston broadcast of Bozo's Big Top, where he played various costumed characters which included Flip Flop the Rag Doll, Mr. Rabbit, Kookie the Boxing Kangaroo as well as Mr. Rick Lyon and The Lyon Puppets Facebook post, "Conversation: Caroll Spinney, the Man Inside Big Bird,", Jim Henson's Memorial Service running order, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, When he sees a photograph of himself taken by, When Big Bird is missing in the 1978 special, Oscar the Grouch sometimes refers to Big Bird as a "turkey" an insult rather than a reflection of Big Bird's species. He also attends "Snufflegarden". Fusce consequat suscipit posuere. He gradually got more feathers on top, giving his head a more rounded appearance, and developed a blaze-like crest of lighter yellow feathers above his eyes. He appeared in the final episode of The Colbert Report along with Cookie Monster and dozens of other celebrities singing "We'll Meet Again". Big Bird made a special guest appearance on an episode of, According to different episodes, Big Bird has weighed 165 pounds (. You're either bird or you, but no in between. "Beneath the feathers: The man who gives wing to Big Bird.". For some of the Journey to Ernie segments, a second puppeteer (usually Jim Martin) controls Big Birds right wing. On May 21, 1990, Big Bird appeared at Jim Henson's memorial service at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York City, singing Kermit the Frog's signature song, "Bein' Green". My wing is feeling a little sore, but it'll give my body an extra protective boost that keeps me and others healthy. Big Bird is a six-year-old walking, talking yellow bird with long orange legs, standing 8 feet 2 inches (2.49 metres) tall, who resides in a nest at 123 1/2 Sesame Street. I can't wait for my party on Wednesday at @CB_TimesSquare! This was meant to echo the imaginary friends some young children have.[1]. [31], At the 33rd Daytime Emmy Awards in 2006, Spinney received the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences' Lifetime Achievement Award. [21] Spinney also drew the drawing of Mr. Hooper that sits near Big Bird's nest. Aliquam tempor justo vel turpis venenatis, quis pharetra neque accumsan. Big Bird, Grover and Elmo are involved. But over the years, the characters never age. [29] Performer Caroll Spinney nearly broke down several times during the deeply touching performance, which was later described by Life as "an epic and almost unbearably moving event". [26] In 2015, Spinney was diagnosed with dystonia, a neurological movement disorder that causes muscle contractions. His species is Snuffleupagus as well as his last name. By 2015, Spinney had stopped puppeteering Big Bird due to physical setbacks, but he continued to provide the voice for seasons 46 and 47 while Vogel puppeteered the bird on-set. In 2000, Big Bird was named aLiving Legendby theUnited StatesLibrary of Congress.[5]. When Big Bird calls out the word, Snuffy runs off to tell his mother about the meeting, so once again the grown-ups just miss him. My wing is feeling a little sore, but it'll give my body an extra protective boost that keeps me and others healthy. A running character on the TV program, Big Bird debuted in 1969. Another factor was increased concerns that the adults' refusal to believe Big Bird's claims of his friend's existence would discourage children from sharing important things with their parents. [15], Caroll Spinney was sick during the taping of a few first season episodes, so Daniel Seagren performed Big Bird in those episodes[16] (including Episode 0083 and 0086). Primarily orange and yellow feathers on body; red-and-white striped legs, red shoes with bows. [14] The Big Bird performer is completely enclosed within the costume, and extends his right hand over his head to operate the head and neck of the puppet. Big Bird starred on the big screen in the 1985 film Follow That Bird, in which he is sent by Miss Finch, a bird social worker, to live with a foster family of Dodos. (close-up eye detail). The episode didn't test well with children, and the producers decided to shelve it. He lives in a largenestbehind the123 Sesame Streetbrownstone and right next toOscar the Grouchstrash canand he has a teddy bear named Radar. He even performed a light-opera rendition of the alphabet with Judy Collins. Big Bird is a Muppet character designed by Jim Henson and built by Kermit Love for the long-running children's television show Sesame Street. Omissions? Big Bird commented on his amiability in a 2019 interview with Time, saying "Maybe people see big 8-ft. birds a lot and they just feel comfortable. According to writer Louise Gikow, the heat inside the suit is "unbearable, and it's extraordinarily difficult to hold Big Bird's head. Caroll Edwin Spinney (December 26, 1933 December 8, 2019) was an American puppeteer, cartoonist, author, artist and speaker, most famous for playing Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch on Sesame Street from its inception in 1969 until 2018. The monster is said to be a distant relative of Count Dracula, and has a significant other he's asked to marry several times (the couple count these instances, of course) Countess Natasha Von Numeral. When Caroll Spinney performed Big Bird on-location and could not get a video feed on his television monitor, a hole was made in the bird suit to give Spinney the ability to see out in front of him. However, he nearly left after the first season because he was not getting acceptable pay, but Kermit Love persuaded him to stay. His favorite foods are cabbage and spaghetti, and in the fifth season premiere, he revealed that he also drinks sassafras tea. What's 8.5-feet tall with bulbous, imploring eyes; brilliant, sunny plumage; and wings, but can't fly? Caroll Edwin Spinney (December 26, 1933 - December 8, 2019) was an American puppeteer, cartoonist, author, artist and speaker, most famous for playing Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch on Sesame Street from its inception in 1969 until 2018. Spinney died at his home in Woodstock, Connecticut, on December 8, 2019, at the age of 85. Masher. Big Bird in China was a TV special that aired May 1983 on NBC. With his helium voice and eternally childlike wonder, Big Bird has lumbered down Sesame Street and into the hearts of generations of. [29][30] He was surrounded by his wife Debra and three children. www .carollspinney .com. Spinney hears the voice of his alter ego, just as Michael Keaton's character Riggan hears his alter ego Birdman in the movie. As Granny Bird's appearances were often alongside Big Bird (who is, as she stated, her "favorite grandson"), her voice was usually pre-recorded so that Spinney could perform Big Bird. In 1992, the producers of Sesame Street tested an episode in which Snuffy's parents get a divorce. Wears a curly pink wig. While he might not age, Snuffy celebrates his birthday on August 19. Spinney was honored with four Daytime Emmy Awards for his portrayals on the series and two Grammy Awards for his related recordings. The account gained over 100,000 followers in its first week, and numerous other accounts were made casting Sesame Street characters as campaign officials. "[4] The script for Episode 0278 includes the internal note "Galopogus is known as Snuffle-upagus now.". In 2000, Big Bird was named a Living Legend by the United States Library of Congress.[9]. In the early years of Snuffy's Sesame Street appearances, his entrances were scored by a low-range brass musical cue (composed by Joe Raposo)[7] that could be heard by those nearby (Big Bird explains to Mrs. Sharp in Episode 0965 that when Snuffy walks, he makes a musical sound). Demara, Bruce. This particular Sesame Street compilation video features everyone's favorite 6-year-old and 8-foot-tall yellow bird who's been on Sesame Street ever since th. Occasionally, a second puppeteer operates the right hand in scenes where Big Bird moves both of his hands or holds a prop. Two recordings of Spinney's voice earned Gold Record status. [16], Big Bird's appearance has changed over the years, as has his personality. However, at least one of Big Bird's adult friends would believe, even if their meetings didn't work out. [2] He returned to Boston, joining The Judy and Goggle Show in 1958 as a puppeteer "Goggle" to Judy Valentine's Judy. In another post, Martin Robinson explained that in between takes, one of the camera operators will fan air through the mouth of the puppet to cool off the puppeteers. He made an appearance as a guest star on the third season of The Muppet Show. Standing at 8 feet 2 inches tall, Big Bird is larger than most of the humans on the show, and by far the biggest Muppet featured on Sesame Street. According to writer Louise Gikow, the heat inside the suit is unbearable, and its extraordinarily difficult to hold Big Birds head.[11]. What episode of Sesame Street did Big Bird go to China? His personality was more dopey and "bird-brained" than it later became. Big Bird got confused when he tried to go into Hooper's Store to give Mr. Hooper his drawing Big Bird made of and for him. [17] Spinney also performed as Granny Bird, Big Bird's grandmother. [23][24] Spinney and Janice divorced in 1971. The episode didn't test well with children, and the producers decided to shelve it. For years, Spinney had a policy of refusing to pose for photographs in half of the bird suit. Big Bird, like many of the other Sesame Street characters, is a Muppet character. Mr. Snuffleupagus first appeared on Sesame Street in Episode 0276, the third season premiere. Big Bird's realization that Mr. Hooper wasn't just gone temporarily, and Big Bird's acceptance of Mr. Hooper's death, have been hailed as a milestone in children's programming. Vestibulum hendrerit at turpis vitae ornare. Distractify is a registered trademark. Snuffy's own skepticism about things unseen continues in Episode 1546, when Mister Rogers stops by the street and agrees to judge a race between the bird and the Snuffleupagus (who he doesn't meet, but he never questions anything from Big Bird). As his name implies, his primary craving is cookies, but he can (and often does) consume anything and everything, from apples and pie to letters, flatware, and hubcaps. On November 6, 2021, the character's official Twitter account posted that Big Bird had received a COVID-19 vaccine, in an effort to promote vaccination of children. [32] Before the quiz, Michelle Obama talked about "eat brighter", a campaign to promote healthy food in kids which she and a number of Sesame Street characters, including Big Bird, participated in. Bob (Bob McGrath) then tells him, "From now on, we'll believe you whenever you tell us something." As Big Bird and Oscar, Spinney conducted orchestras across the US and Canada, including the Boston Pops, and visited the White House multiple times. Stephanopoulos thanked Snuffy for helping a generation of Americans learn to pronounce his name. to talk carrots", "Best random story today: First lady dances with Big Bird", "Michelle Obama: Marketing Can Make America Healthier", "Show with Michelle Obama appearance nominated for Emmy", "Big Bird Spoofs 'Birdman' As Caroll Spinney Is Stalked By His Alter Ego", "Watch Sesame Street Perfectly Spoof 'Birdman' With One Continuous, Ego-Filled Shot (Video)", "Big Birdman: Sesame Street star spoofs Oscar nominated film", "He's Big Bird: Caroll Spinney loves every feather", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Bird&oldid=1151401038, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Grandsonny, a nickname given to him by his, Original version was bright blue, with a long pointed beak and blue-striped legs; 2007 introduced a yellow version identical to the American Big Bird, Grey-white with brown brows, resembling a, Bright green with a pink throat, red face and. He originally had very few feathers on top of his head; his body feathers were also more shaggy and unkempt, and his body was not as rounded and full as it is now. The Count was written to "represent an adult with the psychological age of someone who is 1,832,652 years old and still counting," according to Sesame Street Unpaved, but in 2017, the Count made a video for Wired, where he said he would be turning six-million-five-hundred-twenty-three-thousand-seven-hundred-twenty-eight the following October. [27] The original account has since been deleted.[28]. However, the only one who observes and meets him is Forgetful Jones, and true to form, he forgets that he saw him (he sees Snuffy again in Episode 2085, and in trying to persuade diehard skeptic Bob, is convinced he too was imagining things). Big Bird yells, "Food!" His mother, a native of Bolton, England, named him Caroll despite him being male because he was born the day after Christmas. He is sometimes referred to simply as "Bird" by his friends. When Cookie Monster eats something . [20], Some of Spinney's artwork includes the 1996 painting called Luna Bird, showing Big Bird walking on the moon, and the 1997 painting Autumn, showing him playing in autumn leaves. So, how old are the characters on Sesame Street? [18], On October 17, 2018, Spinney officially announced his retirement from Sesame Street after 49 years. As he became more self-reliant, Big Bird moved out on his own, to his nest on Sesame Street. It's true, I have a lot of bird cousins in different countries. We use cookies and other technologies to better understand a visitor's experience and to help improve our websites. Snuffy is given a gentler appearance in 1972. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In 2000, he was named a Living Legend by the United States Library of Congress. Rauffer rigged the camera to a harness strapped to Spinney's chest; Spinney reported that they called the camera "the electronic bra". Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Curabitur nunc metus, eleifend non consectetur eget, varius sit amet augue. Big Bird first encounters Mr. Snuffleupagus, from the third season premiere. Even the proudest of the peacocks knows when to give an inch. After a series of arguments, Daddy Snuffle moved out of the cave, and Snuffy and Alice had to deal with the emotional fallout of a breakup. For example, in the Chinese performance of Da Niao on Zhima Jie, the costume is an exact physical replica of Big Bird. In September 2014 Mr Snuffleupagus appeared on Good Morning America where he met his hero and purported relative George Stephanopoulos. Hes Big Bird: Caroll Spinney loves every feather,Associated PressviaGoogle News, 16 June 2008. Big Bird is a Muppet character designed by Jim Henson and built by Kermit Love for the long-running children's television show Sesame Street. #Sesame50 @hitrecordjoe, A post shared by Sesame Street (@sesamestreet) on May 16, 2019 at 9:40am PDT. There are approximately 4,000 feathers on the puppet. The 1973 Sesame Street style guide described Big Bird as "like a three-year old." (Maria had shown signs of believing as early as Episode 1800 when she saw Snuffy's giant toaster.) [9], In 1969, Spinney performed at a Puppeteers of America festival in Utah. The right hand thus does the opposite of the left hand: as the left hand goes down, the right hand is pulled up by the fishing line. while Big Bird, who is 8 feet, 2 inches tall, only requires one. [23], Sesame Workshop subsequently asked that both campaigns remove Sesame Street characters from campaign materials, stating on their website: "Sesame Workshop is a nonpartisan, nonprofit organization and we do not endorse candidates or participate in political campaigns."[24]. "I am elated and amazed to receive this honor from those who are committed to the best of what television and media have to offer, for doing what I've always wanted to do. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. I think it's just because I'm a friendly bird."[2]. Since Big Bird is 8 feet 2 inches tall, Spinney's head . Postal Service. The apprentices included both Rick Lyon in the opening theme song of the show's 33rd season, and later Matt Vogel in the show's "Journey to Ernie" segment. [10], Spinney joined Sesame Street for the inaugural season in 1969. Jon Stone directing Michael Earl as Mr. Snuffleupagus. Big Bird took center stage on Sesame Street in the early 1980s, when the show dealt with the death of Mr. Hooper (necessitated by the death of Will Lee, the actor who played the role). He tells Big Bird, but by then the group has left to gather things for a park picnic and baseball game, so Big Bird doesn't see them. [3][4]He canroller skate,ice skate,dance,swim,sing, writepoetry,draw, and even ride aunicycle. Since Sesame Street premiered in 1969, Big Bird has entertained millions of preschool children and their parents with his wide-eyed wondering at the world. Listen. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. In Episode 0302, Big Bird receives a coat from his mommy in the mail, and he babysits for his sister's egg in Episode 0345. Big Bird was a . Big Birds characteristics and mannerisms were created by actor and puppeteer Caroll Spinney, who at the programs inception and until his retirement in 2018 was the sole performer in the Big Bird role. The puppet used for Granny Bird was actually a spare Big Bird puppet, and Spinney provided her voice. Phasellus a fringilla sapien. The 1985 Warner Brothers movie Sesame Street Presents: Follow That Bird depicts his name properly spelled on his mailbox. He can roller skate, ice skate, dance, sing, write poetry, draw and even ride a unicycle. The furry, green monster who lives in a trash can loves garbage so much, he's rarely seen outside of his bin. Bruno was used until the foam plastic of the character broke down. The segments are often presented as street scenes in which Big Bird directly addresses the audience from his nest (and are frequently used to introduce an insert related to his poem). This 8-foot-tall canary needs no introduction. He continued puppeteering throughout his childhood and adolescence and used his performances to raise money for college tuition. ", https://twitter.com/tedcruz/status/1457108504498642953, "Senator Big Bird? But I'm not going to I'm not going to keep on spending money on things to borrow money from China to pay for. [19] The Hollywood Reporter reported that Spinney was earning over $300,000 per year at the time of his retirement. Proin quis urna eros. given us the tools to become a better person. This depressed aspect is especially noticeable during his first year on the show. Don't Eat the Pictures, Big Bird in China and Big Bird in Japan are all examples of this. A modified version of this theme appeared on various Sesame Street albums, and was the basis for Snuffy's song-and-dance "Doin' the Snuffleupagus.". Aliquam imperdiet dolor id enim tinciduntultricies. [8], Spinney first met Jim Henson in 1962 at a puppeteering festival, where Henson asked if he would like to "talk about the Muppets". People may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website. Lovable, Furry Old Grover in Please Don't Push the Red Button, A Silly Sesame Street Story: The Three Little Pigs, Grover's 10 Terrific Ways to Help Our Wonderful World, Sesame Street at 40: A Night of Celebration with the Legendary Cast, Sesame Street Comes to New Jersey: Part Two, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, His shoe size (or at least his roller skate size) is 65 triple G, as said in. The big yellow bird can roller skate, ice skate, dance, sing, write poetry, draw and even ride a unicycle pretty talented for a character described in the TV show's writer's guide as a 6-year-old. During the filming of the Hawaii episodes, the costume was maneuvered to different locations using a helicopter. In the later years of Spinney's career, the show gradually started training new performers to play Big Bird. Big Bird Feet 2.png. In episode 0032, Big Bird dreams of attending kindergarten one day, and on other occasions has confessed to not being old enough to do certain things like driving or using matches. When asked if he had any political statement he would like to make, Big Bird replied, "No. Snuffy is a big fan of opera music, and at one point attended daily rehearsals at Metropolitan Opera House in New York City. His body got fluffier, rounder and more well groomed as well. [17] Henson did end up voicing Big Bird one time in Episode 0028, during the song "When You're Smiling". [7] Many years later, Spinney's Picklepuss and Pop puppets were characters in Wow, You're a Cartoonist! In early appearances he could neither read nor write; his learning the alphabet became part of the plotline of Sesame Street. As with Mr. Hooper, Big Bird frequently mispronounced host Peter Marshall's name, calling him "Mr. Marshmallow" or "Mr. Masher". In Episode 1966 (the season 16 premiere), a year before Snuffy finally met the adults, Big Bird makes an impassioned plea to the adults to believe him, as he knows the difference between reality and imagination. By Episode 1360 (season 11), Buffy had joined the skeptical majority, and Snuffy himself (who by this point has seen most of Big Bird's friends) thinks Buffy is the imaginary "Buffle-up-a-gus," leaving the yellow bird disbelieved on both sides.
Unity Extract Mesh From Prefab,
How Did Jacksepticeye's Father Pass Away,
Tabyana Beach Resort Day Pass,
Lymphadenopathy Prefix And Suffix,
Scrollbar Width Css Codepen,
Articles H