chemical composition of an apple list

(65) propose that the content of S-adenosyl methionine in apple juice concentrate might account in part for these effects, because comparable effects were observed with S-adenosyl methionine alone. The nitrogen content varied from 43.2 to 171.4 mg N/L. The fraction highest in catechin also protected cells from oxidative damage in a dose-dependent manner with a maximal protective effect at 3 h. The protective effect was associated with a corresponding increase in antioxidant activity and reduced lipid peroxidation per measurement of MDA. pandamonium. Data were based on FFQ (including interviews) of dietary intake in the 2 y prior to diagnosis. After 24 wk, cumulative tumor numbers in groups receiving low, medium, or high doses of the extract were reduced by 25, 25, and 61%, respectively, and there was a dose-dependent delay in tumor onset. Fecal fermentation resulted in a degradation of 99.9% of the parent polyphenols except for complex structures. Best. 2.5. Ongoing research is providing more detailed data on specific components and/or combinations of components in AP that might be protective. A man made a genius ingredient label for popular fruits and revealed why the term 'chemical-free' is meaningless. A recent study in hamsters evaluated the effects of adding daily apples and apple juice (pressed from fresh apples) to an atherogenic diet on lipids, oxidative markers, and early aortic lesions (47). Recent investigations have added to the earlier work as well as identified potential new health benefits of AP consumption. (5965) have provided novel data on the potential of apple juice concentrate to modulate processes associated with the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Flow cytometry demonstrated that the apple extract increased the number of apoptotic cells and also appeared to interfere with the cell cycle. It is estimated that one-third of all cancer deaths could be prevented by improved diet, particularly increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains (13). Carotenoid extracts from apple peel were effective against H. pylori in an in vitro medium (76). Apples and AP3, including juices and extracts, have been included in health-related studies around the world due to their rich content of varied phytochemicals. The effect of AP on cell proliferation has been the focus of many recent studies. They found that apple consumption reduced anxious behavior in rats in elevated maze tests and restored synaptic function (long-term potentiation) to the level of younger animals. In one study, polyphenols were extracted from the juice of a variety of table and cider apples. Dietary fat, including high PUFA intake, is associated with increased lipid peroxidation resulting in DNA damage (40). A study conducted in Turkey included 15 elderly participants (mean age 72 y; 8 female, 7 male) who ate fresh apples at a daily dose of 2 g/kg for 1 mo (36). Apple cider vinegar - Wikipedia How Odor Works New data have suggested a possible link between AP consumption and reduced risk of diabetes. Chemical Composition of Natural and Polyphenol-free Apple Pomace and Investigations with this model have provided important clues that mechanisms of neuroprotection may extend beyond antioxidant effects. Among the enzymes of interest in intestinal tissues is cytochrome P450 1A1, an enzyme known to activate chemical carcinogens. Typically, the greater values in the ranges shown for juices reflect the higher concentration of polyphenols in fresh juice prepared from cider apples and commercial preparations of cloudy juice compared to lower quantities in fresh juice made with dessert apple varieties or commercial juices that are clear. Apple juice preparations, including a cloudy (higher procyanidin and pectin) and a clear juice preparation, reduced important markers, including DNA damage and hyperproliferation and lowered the number of large aberrant crypt foci in the distal colon. A comparison of the lowest quintile of intake (average 43 g/d) compared to the highest 2 quintiles (93.5 and 164.9 g/d, respectively) showed a significant inverse association between combined apple and pear intake and lung cancer in all participants and current smokers. TheOutcast06 3 yr. ago. Results expressed on dry matter basis revealed the seeds contained the following: 2.74% protein, 15.86% crude fat, 7.67% crude fiber, 468.74kcal, 82.01% moisture content, 5.72% ash, 88.98% carbohydrate. The rats were provided phloridzin, a flavonoid isolated from apple wood in this study but also present in apples, particularly the peel. The type of molecule that produces an odor is called an aroma compound or an odorant. In a 100 gram (ml) reference amount, it provides 22 calories, with negligible content of micronutrients. Studies are presented below, grouped by disease states and/or disease processes when applicable. It is also called ferulate, propenoic acid, trans-ferulic acid, and more. Fresh apples contain about 15% total carbohydrate. High resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion. Food Applications and Potential Health Benefits of Hawthorn The infection of Apple mosaic virus (ApMV) can severely damage the cellular structure of apple leaves, leading to a decrease in leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) and reduced fruit yield. The chemical composition of apples and cider. I have been fighting the naturalistic fallacy lately and I seem to remember a picture of an apple with a list of compounds which I assumed were naturally occurring - I seem to remember it was a motivational type. (42). The processes associated with aging and amplified in neurodegenerative diseases of aging are complex and not completely understood. In particular, apple juice concentrate prevents the characteristic decline in acetylcholine associated with aging and oxidative stress (62). In this study, 515 adults with diagnosed asthma were compared to 515 controls using dietary assessment by a 6-d food diary and 24-h recall. The effects of AP on specific enzymes involved in colon carcinogenesis have been examined. Hamsters were provided with apples to approximate human intake of 600 g/d (~2.5 large apples) or 500 mL of juice/d. The fermentation products of the apple juice extract in combination with pectin included acetate, propionate, and butyrate, the latter of which was most significantly correlated with histone deacylation inhibition. The findings of these investigators and many others suggest that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts in terms of a protective effect of AP on cancer. Apple intake also reduced DNA damage in mononuclear blood cells, an effect the investigators proposed was likely mediated by antioxidant mechanisms. In the living rats, drinking the apple extract in water for 10 d or 1 h prior to indomethacin-induced injury prevented macroscopic injury and partial microscopic damage by 4045% (75). Search for other works by this author on: Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits, Effects of dietary flavonoids on apoptotic pathways related to cancer chemoprevention. In general, AP are among the top 3 or 4 dietary sources of total phenolics consumed in America and worldwide (79). Colorectal or colon cancer, the 4th most common cancer and the 3rd most common cause of death in Western society (16), has been the focus of many investigations. The characteristics that distinguish one substance from another are called properties. A physical property is a characteristic of matter that is not associated with a change in its chemical composition. An analysis of urinary samples collected postconsumption at 1.5, 3, and 4.5 h demonstrated that the fresh and processed apple meals each decreased 3-h net acid excretion and attenuated calcium loss to a similar extent compared to the control meal (73). The fresh peeled apple meal included 311 g of unpeeled apple plus a protein drink and 53 g of candy; the applesauce test meal included 877.5 g of unsweetened canned applesauce and a protein drink and the control meal included just the candy (108 g) and the protein drink. In addition to clinical data, recent animal feeding and in vitro studies have aimed to examine the potential protective link between AP and cancer. Only a few studies have examined AP but preliminary observations suggest that AP may have a positive impact on markers related to bone health. Hyson, no conflicts of interest. There are ongoing attempts to elucidate other bioactive compounds, beyond flavonoids, that might account for the observed effects of AP on cancer risk. Fructose level (average 53.9 g/l) was almost always higher than glucose level. Their review included an overview of the positive association between AP and health benefits demonstrated in observational studies (1). This review summarizes current clinical, in vitro, and in vivo data and builds upon earlier published reports that apple may reduce the risk of chronic disease by various mechanisms, including antioxidant, antiproliferative, and cell signaling effects. Copyright 2023 American Society for Nutrition. Chemical composition of apple fruit, juice and pomace and the correlation between phenolic content, enzymatic activity and browning MartinaPersic MajaMikulic-Petkovsek AnaSlatnar RobertVeberic https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2017.04.017 Get rights and content Apple fruit, pomace and juice characterized by different phenolic groups. Chemical analysis of apple juice showed that the levels of organic acids, sugars and soluble pectin differed between cultivars. The aim of the study was assessing the advantages of dietary supplementation with the above pomaces. Every triterpenoid significantly suppressed cancer cell proliferation; some were highly potent and reduced cell growth by 50% at relatively low concentrations (~1017 mol/L). Population-based case-control study, Maternal food consumption during pregnancy and asthma, respiratory and atopic symptoms in 5-year-old children, Diet and asthma in Dutch school children (ISAAC-2), Dietary antioxidants and asthma in adults, Apple juice concentrate prevents oxidative damage and impaired maze performance in aged mice, Apple juice prevents oxidative stress and impaired cognitive performance caused by genetic and dietary deficiencies in mice, Dietary supplementation with apple juice concentrate alleviates the compensatory increase in glutathione synthase transcription and activity that accompanies dietary- and genetically-induced oxidative stress, Apple juice concentrate maintains acetylcholine levels following dietary compromise, Supplementation with apple juice attenutates presenilin-1 overexpression during dietary and genetically-induced oxidative stress, Dietary supplementation with apple juice decreases endogenous amyloid-beta levels in murine brain, Folate deprivation increases presenilin expression, gamma-secretase activity and A-beta levels in murine brain: potentiation by ApoE deficiency and alleviation by dietary S-adenosyl methionine, Annurca apple-rich diet restores long-term potentiation and induces behaviorial modifications in aged rats, Associations of dietary flavonoids with risk of type 2 diabetes, and markers of insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in women: a prospective and cross-sectional analysis, Possible role for apple juice phenolic compounds in the acute modification of glucose tolerance and gastrointestinal hormone secretion in humans, Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of cider dihyrochalcones in healthy humans and subjects with an ileostomy, Weight loss associated with a daily intake of three apples or three pears among overweight women, Bone health and osteoporosis: a report of the surgeon general, Fruit and vegetable intakes and bone mineral status: a cross-sectional study in 5 age and sex cohorts, Effect of fruit on net acid and urinary calcium excretion in an acute feeding trial of women, Prevention of bone loss by phloridzin, an apple polyphenol, in ovariectomized rats under inflammation conditions, Apple phenol extracts prevent damage to human gastric epithelial cells in vitro and to rat gastric mucosa in vivo, Biological activity of carotenoids in red paprika, Valencia orange and Golden delicious apple. Although there were observed differences in effectiveness and specificity between each extract preparation, the effective range was comparable to quantities of phytochemicals found in apple juice. It is speculated that environmental and lifestyle factors, such as reduced intake of dietary antioxidants, are contributing to the rise (51). Parents/caregivers reported apple and apple juice intake and health data of over 2600 children aged 511 y. Recent trials have added data that suggest a protective effect of AP on risk of cancer. There have also been several studies that examined the potential of AP to reduce breast cancer risk. The reviewed studies do not prove cause and effect and further work remains to be done. After apple consumption, FRAP increased significantly by 12% at 1 h and plasma levels of ascorbate and urate also increased. Comparing anatomy, chemical composition, and water permeability of Both products also reduced the percentage of aortic surface area covered by foam cells (aortic fatty streak lesion area) by 48% in the apple group and 60% in the apple juice group compared to controls. In this study, human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) were exposed to TNF (10 g/L) to activate NF-B. It was found that cell proliferation was reduced in cells exposed to apple extracts in a dose-dependent manner with a median EC50 of 65.1 g/L. The calculated intake of phenols was comparable to dietary intake in humans (930 mg in apple group; 1100 mg in apple juice group). Using modern analytical techniques, a comprehensive study of the chemical composition of fruits from apple cultivars grown in Western Norway during 2019 and 2020 was done. Other disease-related processes that are reportedly influenced by AP include cell proliferation and tumor production, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, cell differentiation (11), platelet aggregation, lipid metabolism, cell adhesion molecule expression, and endothelial function, among others (12). The chemical composition of an apple includes: water - over 85% of the total mass; proteins and fats - about 1%; carbohydrate compounds - almost 10%; organic acids; alimentary fiber; vitamins: PP, A in the form of beta-carotene, group B, C, E, H, K; The apple extracts and curcumin, but not other phytochemicals, significantly reduced the TNF-induced activation of NF-B by reducing proteasome activity, a known target in regulation of NF-B. More than 4000 flavonoids have been identified and all share a common carbon skeleton structure (C6-C3-C6). The goal of the follow-up study was to determine if flavonoid content of apples accounted for the observed improvement in outcomes related to asthma. There has been a growing appreciation and understanding of the link between fruit and vegetable consumption and improved health. The association persisted even after correction for other factors, including childhood diet and lifestyle variables. 2.1 Chemical Composition of Apple and Apple Waste. In a recent study using Caco-2 cells, it was found that an apple juice extract devoid of carbohydrates, acids, and other native compounds attenuated experimentally induced expression of cytochrome P450 1A1 and inhibited catalytic activity of the enzyme. All those chemicals are because of GMOs the scientists inject into our apple trees. Fifteen apple cultivars grown in two locations in Norway were investigated for their chemical composition, including polyphenol profiles. One recent investigation focused on isolating and identifying bioactive compounds in apple peel associated with antiproliferative activity (32). Given the increasing incidence of these 2 conditions, further study of the effect of AP on osteoporosis and diabetes is important to consider. It is estimated that 1.5 million people will suffer an osteoporotic-related fracture each year. It was shown that extensive isomerization, cleavage, and conjugation of the native polyphenolic compounds occurred. It was also found that the effect of apple procyanidins on apoptosis was enhanced by a known compound that inactivates polyamine oxidase, leading the authors to conclude that apple procyanidins might be considered as a chemopreventive agent for colon cancer by these mechanisms. The estrogen-negative cells exhibited a greater sensitivity to the apple extracts than the estrogen-responsive model. In a cross-over study, 15 healthy female participants 1950 y (mean 24.6 y) old each consumed a 500-kcal test meal on 3 different occasions consisting of either fresh peeled apples, unsweetened canned apple sauce, or candy. An intriguing report published in 2007 involved studying the association between maternal diet and the presence of asthma and respiratory symptoms in offspring 5 y later (56). A series of recent studies from the laboratory of Shea et al. Fruits and vegetables provide nutrients that are thought to be associated with improved bone health (vitamin C, potassium, magnesium, and vitamin K) in addition to producing alkaline metabolites that might improve bone health by reducing calcium excretion (72). The variability might be attributed in part to the many types of apples and apple components studied in addition to varied reaction conditions, including pH, concentration, types of ROS, and other study conditions. There was no statistical association between reduced asthma or asthma severity and any of the flavonoids examined, inferring that compounds other than those studied must be attributed to the observed reduction in risk of asthma. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. The quantity of phloridzin the rats consumed represented ~6 apples/d, depending on variety. Collectively, these studies indicate that a relatively modest intake of apple is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and associated mortality. Hydrochloric acid, aqueous solution 36%. It was found that high concentrations of the extract (2002000 nmol/L) for longer incubation periods with TNF (36 h) resulted in reduced NF-B activity, likely mediated via inhibited phosphorylation of IB. James Kennedy. The authors estimated that the amount of procyanidin ingested would be comparable to humans consuming 2 apples/d (410 mg procyanidin/kg bodyweight). Several recent intervention studies have examined the effect of fresh apple consumption on oxidative markers in humans. The thirteen investigations reported in Table 1 dealt with various topics such as the characterization of different apple cultivars in terms of chemical/phytochemical composition, nutritional values and sensory description [12,13,14,15,16] and . However, the authors suggest that more work remains to fully understand the effects of hydrolysis on antioxidant capacity in AP. The results showed that apple juice was a fairly effective antioxidant compared to other juices against some ROS (peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals) but less effective against peroxynitrite. However, it is plausible that the low-energy density and fiber content of apples make them effective in weight reduction diets. PDF chemical composition of apples (27) treated rats with a carcinogenic agent (7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene) to induce mammary tumors and then fed extracts of whole apples by gavage to the animals. Very good resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and intergranular corrosion in various environments. 37 First, 150 L of a CHE extract aqueous solution (1 mg mL 1), 150 L of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, 600 L of water and 1500 L of sodium carbonate solution (7% w/v) were mixed.The reaction mixture was stirred for five minutes and stored in the dark . This group developed a standardized mouse model of neurodegeneration in which aged mice exhibit impaired cognitive performance and increased oxidative parameters in brain tissue when subjected to a prooxidant diet (deficient in vitamin E and folate; high in iron). Main conclusion The efficiency of suberized plant/environment interfaces as transpiration barriers is not established by the suberin polymer but by the wax molecules sorbed to the suberin polymer. 1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties - Chemistry 2e | OpenStax Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits - PMC It is thought that lungs are particularly susceptible to oxidative damage due to high and continual exposure to oxygen. In spite of the similar chemical composition between some extracts, the antioxidant capacity determined by Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity differed, suggesting that there are unknown compounds accounting for the observed antioxidant effects of AP. One study published by a different group in 2006 did not find an association between fruit intake (reported in a semiquantitative FFQ) and several endpoints related to diagnosed asthma in Dutch children (57). Feeding trials are important in illustrating in vivo effects of AP and there are convincing data that AP intake is associated with improved antioxidant capacity in plasma and other tissues. The composition of apples in relation to cider and vinegar production. The chemical composition of apples and cider. I. The composition of AP may also have beneficial effects on outcomes related to Alzheimer's disease, cognitive decline of normal aging, diabetes, weight management, bone health, and gastrointestinal protection from drug injury. Several studies demonstrate that AP reduce cell proliferation, alter markers of the cell cycle, increase apoptotic mechanisms, and modulate signal transduction pathways. There is clearly a need for controlled clinical intervention studies using AP to further examine the potential association between AP and asthma. 1. The potential of AP phytochemicals to reduce disease risk and improve health has caught the attention of scientists, practitioners, and the lay public. 3.4: Classifying Matter According to Its Composition Incubating SW620 cells with an apple extract selected for procyanidins (mainly polymeric molecules) resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth. The authors concluded that the high procyanidin content and metabolites in the apple extract might directly interfere with cholesterol absorption in addition to modulating lipids and lipid-related processes. Research in animals allows for detailed analyses of the effect of AP on lipid parameters beyond simply measuring lipid levels in plasma. Chemical composition of apple juice concentrate A detailed report of apple phytochemicals and their health benefits was published by Boyer and Liu (1) in 2004. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition, nutritional properties and antioxidant activity of Monkey apple methanol extract. A crossover study of ex vivo data examined the effect of a bolus of apple (600 g of homogenized unpeeled apples) in a small group of young healthy males in Italy (n = 6) (38). In this study, we propose a novel method that utilizes hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technology to non-destructively monitor ApMV-infected apple leaves and predict LCC as a quantitative indicator of disease . Nutrient Composition of Hawthorn. In another study, the same investigators used 2 breast cancer cell lines, including the MCF-7 cells as an estrogen-responsive model and MDA-MB-231 as an estrogen-negative model (30). The wide range of polyphenol content in whole apples and apple juice is depicted in Table 1 (4, 5). The longer exposure time suggests that apple extracts target signaling elements upstream of PKC and not PKC specifically. Further examination demonstrated that apple juice intake reduced a compensatory increase in the endogenous antioxidant glutathione, suggesting that the antioxidant activity of apple juice accounts in part for the observed protective effects in animals subject to dietary and genetic oxidative stress and a potential neuroprotective effect of AP under these conditions (59). Although further work is needed to extrapolate these findings to clinical outcomes, it is promising that there are multiple plausible mechanisms by which AP intake might reduce the risk of cancer in humans. The range of the isolated compounds with demonstrated activity was comparable to levels observed in human plasma in feeding trials. The only ingredients that are supposed to be in an apple are sunlight, natural goodness, health, positivity, happiness, and a little bit of love. These findings were consistent with prior data showing reduced coronary mortality in elderly Dutch men (6584 y) who consumed apples (average 69 g/d) compared to men who had little or no apple intake (35). In conclusion, the data related to AP and disease risk reduction are provocative and varied. The sense of smell can detect odors are extremely low concentrations . The authors of this study also searched for an association between total flavonol and flavone intake and a limited number of subtypes of these flavonoids (5 total) and reduced risk. There was a significant reduction of preneoplastic lesions in the animals exposed to the apple phytochemicals, including 50% fewer aberrant crypts. Liu et al. Chemical Composition and Health Attributes of Agri-Foods: A Scientific A study in Oregon involved testing 6 healthy participants (3 men and 3 women) after they consumed 5 apples (flesh and skin, 1037 38 g) (39). Chemical composition of apple fruit, juice and pomace and the Other authors have described cell signaling and molecular mechanisms that respond to AP exposure. There is growing evidence that dietary variables may be related to cognitive decline in normal aging and also influence the risk and course of neurodegenerative diseases of aging. An estimated 10 million Americans over age 50 y have osteoporosis and another 34 million are at risk (71). Example 3.4. As summarized by Boyer and Liu (1), early reports showed an inverse association between AP and AP-flavonoid intake and coronary mortality. Very preliminary in vitro evidence indicates that compounds from AP could be protective against gastric ulcer. The authors are among the few to address the potential importance of pH in flavonoid-mediated activity. There was a 27 and 28% lower risk of type 2 diabetes associated with the consumption of 26 apples/wk or 1 apple/d, respectively, compared to no apple consumption. Extracts of apple pulp were shown to release NO from human saliva under acidic conditions, prompting the authors to propose a possible gastroprotective role of AP in mediating and scavenging of nitrogen oxides. Anti-vaxxer vs. chemical composition of an apple Study of physico-chemical composition of Red Delicious and Amri apple These are described in the following section in the context of cardiovascular disease, although it is recognized that antioxidant effects are likely important in chemoprevention as well.
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